Nutrition, Diet And Body Weight

Question 1

What is an anabolic process?

Answer 1

Something that uses energy and raw material to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance (building)

Question 2

What is a catabolic process?

Answer 2

Breaking down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

Question 3

What is energy?

Answer 3

The capacity to do work

Question 4

List the types of work that all living things need energy for (5)

Answer 4

Biosynthetic (synthesis of cellular components)
Mechanical (muscle contraction)
Osmotic (kidney)
Electrical (nervous conduction)
Transport (maintenance of ion gradients and uptake of nutrients)

(Remember: Bodies Must Obtain Energy Today)

Question 5

What type of energy do cells use to drive energy-requiring activities?

Answer 5

Chemical bond energy

Question 6

How is ATP stored?

Answer 6

Not directly, molecule that can be broken down into ATP(to release energy) are stored instead

Question 7

Name some processes that require energy (5)

Answer 7

Ion transport
Biosynthetic 
Muscle contraction
Thermogenesis
Detoxification

Question 8

List some molecules (4) that can be oxidised to provide energy, list them in order of use (most to least used)

Answer 8

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein
(Alcohol)

Question 9

What is 1kcal worth in kJ?

Answer 9

4.2

Question 10

List some essential components of the diet (7)

Answer 10

Carbohydrates (mostly supplies energy)
Fats (energy and essential fatty acids)
Protein (energy and amino acids)
Minerals (essential)
Vitamins (essential)
Fibre (necessary for normal GI function)
Water (maintains hydration)

Question 11

What groups can carbohydrates typically contain? (2)

Answer 11

Aldehyde (-C=OH) or Keto (-C=O)

Question 12

How many carbons does glucose have?

Answer 12

6

Question 13

What type of bonds in polymers of glucose are humans capable to breaking down and what are those we aren’t capable of breaking down?

Answer 13

Can break alpha-1,4 bond (in starch and glycogen)

Cant break beta-1,4 bond (in cellulose)

Question 14

What are the bonds that hold adjacent amino acids together called?

Answer 14

Peptide bond

Question 15

How many amino acids are used for proteins synthesis in the body?

Answer 15

20

Question 16

How many essential amino acids cannot be synthesised and how would they be obtained?

Answer 16

9,

Obtained from diet

Question 17

What are the 9 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body called?

Answer 17

Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan
Valine

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Question 18

Which people have the highest rate of protein synthesis?

Answer 18

Children and pregnant women

Question 19

When would protein be considered high or low ‘quality’ and why?

Answer 19

High quality- of animal origin as it contains all essential amino acids

Low quality- of plant origin as it is often deficient in one or more essential amino acids

Question 20

What is starch?

Answer 20

Polymer of glucose (plants)

Question 21

What is sucrose?

Answer 21

Table sugar

Glucose-fructose disaccharide

Question 22

What is lactose?

Answer 22

Milk sugar

Glucose-galactose disaccharide

Question 23

What is fructose?

Answer 23

Fruit sugar

Monosaccharide

Question 24

What is glucose?

Answer 24

Predominant sugar in human blood

Monosaccharide

Question 25

What is maltose?

Answer 25

Glucose-glucose disaccharide

Question 26

What is glycogen?

Answer 26

Polymer of glucose (storage of carbs in animals)

Question 27

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 27

Triacylgylcerols

Question 28

What are triacylglycerols?

Answer 28

3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol

Question 29

Compared to carbohydrates and proteins how much oxygen do fats contain what does this mean in terms of energy that can be obtained from them? Explain why.

Answer 29

Fats contain less (more reduced) | Release more energy because they can be oxidised more

Question 30

Fats are needed because they aid the absorption of what from the gut?

Answer 30

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E & K)

Question 31

Name the two essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesised by the body

Answer 31

Linoleic and linolenic

Question 32

Name an anion

Answer 32

Chloride (anything negative)

Question 33

Name a cation

Answer 33

Potassium ion (anything positive)

Question 34

Why are mineral essential in the body? (4)

Answer 34

Electrolytes establish ion Minerals give structure (teeth and bones) Signalling molecules Enzyme co-factors

Question 35

How would you calculate the amount of electrolyte to give a patient in routine maintenance?

Answer 35

1mmol/kg/day of each electrolyte - (Na+,K+, Cl- )

Question 36

What are vitamins soluble in?

Answer 36

Water or fat

Question 37

Name the fat soluble vitamins (4)

Answer 37

K E A D (Remember: vitamins are the KEA to successes, Don't worry about them)

Question 38

What is vitamin A deficiency called?

Answer 38

Xerophthalmia

Question 39

What does vitamin E deficiency cause?

Answer 39

Neurological abnormalities

Question 40

What does a vitamin D deficiency cause?

Answer 40

Rickets

Question 41

What does vitamin K deficiency cause?

Answer 41

Defective blood clotting

Question 42

Name some water soluble vitamins (10)

Answer 42

``` B1 (thiamin) B12 B6 Biotin C Choline Folate Niacin Pantothenic acid Riboflavin ```

Question 43

Which vitamins are essential for DNA synthesis? Are they fat or water soluble?

Answer 43

B12 and Folate | Water soluble

Question 44

What does a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?

Answer 44

Anaemia

Question 45

What does a folate vitamin deficiency cause?

Answer 45

Nerual tube defects and anaemia

Question 46

Why is fibre necessary but how is it different from the rest of the nutritional components in a diet?

Answer 46

It aids normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract | Yet cannot be broken down and digested by human digestive enzymes

Question 47

What is the recommended average daily intake of fibre for adults?

Answer 47

18g/day

Question 48

What can a low fibre diet be associated with?

Answer 48

Constipation and bowel cancer

Question 49

What can a high fibre diet be shown to reduce?

Answer 49

Cholesterol and risk of diabetes

Question 50

What is the average daily energy expenditure of a 70kg man and a 58kg women?

Answer 50

Man- 12,000kJ | Women- 9,500kJ

Question 51

What 3 things contribute to daily energy expenditure?

Answer 51

- Energy to support basal metabolism-Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Energy for voluntary physical activities - Energy for processing food

Question 52

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 52

Measure of the basal energy required to maintain life

Question 53

What are the 4 major tissues contributing to the BMR?

Answer 53

Skeletal muscle Central nervous system Liver Heart

Question 54

What is the BMR for the average man and women per day?

Answer 54

Man- 7,000kJ Woman- 5,800kJ (BMR=100 x weight[kg])

Question 55

How can you quantify the energy expenditure for voluntary physical activity?

Answer 55

Sedentary person-BMR+30% 2hrs of moderate exercise a day- BMR+60-70% Several hrs of heavy exercise a day- BMR+100%

Question 56

What is diet-induced thermogenesis?

Answer 56

The energy spend processing food

Question 57

How is diet-induced thermogenesis quantified?

Answer 57

10% of the energy contained in the ingested food

Question 58

How much of our energy should we be getting from fats, carbs and protein?

Answer 58

Fats-30% Carb-55% Protein-15%

Question 59

Name some tissues that require a constant supply of glucose as a source of energy (2)

Answer 59

Brain and red blood cells

Question 60

Why are the essential fatty acids important?

Answer 60

They are structural components of cell membranes and precursors of important regulatory molecules (eicosanoids).

Question 61

What is an adult males average daily requirement for protien?

Answer 61

35g (.5g/kg body weight)

Question 62

What does a B1 (thiamin) deficiency cause?

Answer 62

Beriberi

Question 63

What does a B6 deficiency cause?

Answer 63

Dermatitis, anaemia

Question 64

What does a Biotin deficiency cause?

Answer 64

Alopecia, scaly skin, CNS defects

Question 65

What does a C deficiency cause?

Answer 65

Scurvy

Question 66

What does a choline deficiency cause?

Answer 66

Liver damage

Question 67

What does a niacin deficiency cause?

Answer 67

Pellagra

Question 68

What does a pantothenic acid deficiency cause?

Answer 68

Fatigue, apathy

Question 69

What does a riboflavin deficiency cause?

Answer 69

Ariboflavinosis

Question 70

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 70

BMI= weight(kg)/ height^2 (m^2)

Question 71

How can BMI results be interpreted?

Answer 71

``` <18.5 =underweight 18.5-24.9 = desirable 25-29.9 =overweight 20-34.9 =obese >35 =severely obese ```

Question 72

What is the name of the two types of low protein intake conditions? what are the obvious features?

Answer 72

Kwashiorkor A bloated stomach (oedema caused by decreases in plasma oncotic pressure) Marasmus- emancipated with obvious signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat. Hair is thin and dry, diarrhoea and anaemia can occur

Question 73

What is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 73

The rate of metabolism need to maintain resting activities of the body

Question 74

What is the term used to describe the amount of energy required to process food?

Answer 74

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

Question 75

What factors effect basal metabolic rate? (5)

Answer 75

Body size (surface area) Gender (males higher than females) Environmental temp (increase in cold) Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism) Body temp (12% increase per degree)