Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight

Question 1

What are catabolic processes?

Answer 1

Processes breaking down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power.

Question 2

What are anabolic processes?

Answer 2

Using energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance.

Question 3

What is the energy used to drive energy-requiring activities?

Answer 3

Chemical bond energy

Question 4

What is energy needed for?

Answer 4

Biosynthetic work
Transport work
Mechanical work
Electrical work

Question 5

What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

Answer 5

Where ATP goes between being ATP and broken down to ADP + inorganic phosphate.

Question 6

Why is ATP broken into ADP and inorganic phosphate?

Answer 6

To release energy.

Question 7

Why is ADP and inorganic phosphate made into ATP?

Answer 7

To produce energy by oxidation of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol.

Question 8

How much is 1 kcal?

Answer 8

4.2 kilojoules

Question 9

How much is 1 cal?

Answer 9

4.2 joules.

Question 10

Define 1 kcal.

Answer 10

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of water 1 celsius.

Question 11

What is needed in nutrition?

Answer 11

Carbohydrates (energy)
Protein (energy and amino acids)
Fat (energy and essential fatty acids)
Minerals 
Vitamins
Water (maintain hydration)
Fibre (GI-function)

Question 12

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

(CH2O)n

Question 13

What types of carbohydrates are there? (size)

Answer 13

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 14

What is glucose?

Answer 14

A monosaccharide

Question 15

What is sucrose?

Answer 15

A disaccharide

Question 16

What is starch?

Answer 16

A polysaccharide

Question 17

What is glycogen?

Answer 17

A polysaccharide

Question 18

What is cellulose?

Answer 18

A polysaccharide

Question 19

What does sucrose consist of?

Answer 19

Glucose and fructose

Question 20

What does lactose consist of?

Answer 20

Galactose and glucose

Question 21

What is fructose?

Answer 21

A monosaccharide

Question 22

What does maltose consist of?

Answer 22

glucose and glucose

Question 23

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 23

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable
Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine

Question 24

Explain the structure of a lipid.

Answer 24

Lipids are composed of Triacylglycerols which are 3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol.

Question 25

What are some features of lipids/fat?

Answer 25

It contains much less oxygen than carbs or proteins. This means that it is more reduced so it yields more energy when oxidised. Required for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)

Question 26

What are the essential fatty acids?

Answer 26

Linoleic and linolenic acids.

Question 27

Why are minerals important?

Answer 27

To establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance. Calcium and phosphorus are essential for structure (bones and teeth) Calcium is also an important signalling molecule Iron Enzyme co-factors (iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum)

Question 28

Why are vitamins important?

Answer 28

They are essential for life. Vitamin C for example in collagen production which leads to scurvy (hydroxylation of proline and lysine). Vitamin K which leads to defective blood clotting. Vitamin D which leads to rickets.

Question 29

Why are dietary fibres important?

Answer 29

Low intake is associated with constipation and bowel cancer. | High fibre diet have shown results in lowering cholesterol and risk of diabetes.

Question 30

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 30

The energy needed to maintain resting activities in the body.

Question 31

What are factors of basal metabolic rate?

Answer 31

``` Body size Gender Environmental temperature Endocrine status Body temperature ```

Question 32

What is BMI?

Answer 32

Weight divided by height squared. Units are Kg/m2

Question 33

What is a BMI that means you are underweight?

Answer 33

<18.5

Question 34

What is a BMI that means you are at a desirable weight?

Answer 34

18.5-24.9

Question 35

What is a BMI that means you are overweight?

Answer 35

25-29.9

Question 36

What is a BMI that means you are obese?

Answer 36

30-34.9

Question 37

What is a BMI that means you are severely obese?

Answer 37

<35

Question 38

What is an alternative measurement to BMI?

Answer 38

Waist to hip ratio.

Question 39

Is body fat distribution important?

Answer 39

Yes. There is evidence that shows that it is clinically important. An apple shaped body is more dangerous than a pear shaped body.

Question 40

Why do children with Kwashiorkor have bloated bellies?

Answer 40

Because of a low protein intake. This means that there is no albumin in the blood plasma in order to maintain the oncotic pressure. This means a decrease in oncotic pressure and oedema follows.