Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight

Question 1

List the 6 essential components of the diet

Answer 1

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, water and fibre

Question 2

Name the 5 components of daily energy expenditure

Answer 2

Bio-synthetic work, transport work, mechanical work, electrical work, osmotic work

Question 3

Define bio synthetic work

Answer 3

Synthesis of cellular components

Question 4

Define transport work

Answer 4

Movement of ions and nutrients across membranes

Question 5

Define mechanical work

Answer 5

Muscle contraction

Question 6

Define electrical work

Answer 6

Nervous conduction

Question 7

Define osmotic work

Answer 7

Maintenance of water potential through homeostasis (kidney)

Question 8

What are the 4 chemical processes that come under “metabolism”?

Answer 8

Oxidative pathways, fuel storage & mobilisation pathways, biosynthetic pathways and detoxification pathways

Question 9

Define a catabolic process

Answer 9

Breakdown of molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

Question 10

Define an anabolic process

Answer 10

Use of energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

Question 11

What are the 5 uses of energy released by ATP breakdown?

Answer 11

Ion transport, muscle contraction, biosynthesis, thermogenesis and detoxification

Question 12

What are 4 things that are oxidised to produce energy to regenerate ATP?

Answer 12

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol

Question 13

What is the official SI unit of food energy?

Answer 13

Kilojoule (kJ)

Question 14

Define a kilocalorie (Kcal). 1kcal = 4.2kJ

Answer 14

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius

Question 15

What group must a carbohydrate contain?

Answer 15

Aldehyde (-C=OH) or ketone (-C=O)

Question 16

Sucrose = glucose + ?

Answer 16

Fructose

Question 17

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 17

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Valine

Question 18

Which amino acids are conditionally essential?
What are the conditions?

Answer 18

Arginine, Tyrosine and Cysteine
Children and pregnant women

Question 19

Why does fat release more energy when oxidised than carbs or protein?

Answer 19

Because it contains less oxygen so is more reduced

Question 20

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 20

A, D, E and K

Question 21

What do electrolytes do?

Answer 21

Establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance

Question 22

Why is calcium important?

Answer 22

As a signalling molecule and for structure (bones and teeth)

Question 23

Routine maintenance (IV fluids)

Answer 23

Sodium, potassium and chlorine = 1mmol/kg/day each
Water = 30ml/kg/day

Question 24

What disease is caused by vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?

Answer 24

Beriberi

Question 25

Anaemia is caused by a deficiency in what?

Answer 25

B12, B6, Folate

Question 26

List 4 components of dietary fibre

Answer 26

Cellulose, lignin, pectins and gums

Question 27

What does the Reference Nutrient Intake measure?

Answer 27

Amount of protein, vitamins and minerals needed by different groups of healthy people

Question 28

What does the Estimated Average Requirement measure?

Answer 28

Energy requirements

Question 29

What does the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake?

Answer 29

Value which must nutrient levels should not go below this value

Question 30

What is the average daily energy expenditure for men and women?

Answer 30

70kg man: 12000kJ/day 58kg woman: 9500kJ/day

Question 31

What is energy expenditure calculated from?

Answer 31

Sum of basal metabolic rate, diet induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

Question 32

What is the basal metabolic rate important for?

Answer 32

Maintenance of cells (ion transport, biochemical reactions) Organ function Maintaining body temperature

Question 33

Name 5 factors that affect BMR

Answer 33

Body size (surface area) Gender (men higher than women) Environmental temperature (increases when cold) Endocrine status (increases in hypothyroidism) Body temperature (12% increase per degree)

Question 34

How do you calculate body mass index?

Answer 34

Weight (kg)/Height^2(m^2)

Question 35

When can a BMI be misleading?

Answer 35

When a muscular individual is wrongly classified as obese

Question 36

Why is body fat distribution clinically important?

Answer 36

Greater proportion of fat in upper body leads to increased risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, t2d, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidaemia and premature death