Nutrition Final Flashcards

Question

Functions and efficiencies of vitamin B6 –pyrodoxine

Answer 1

Function: brain function and production of red blood cells. Deficiencies: blossitis, angular cheilosis, peripheral neuropathy, impaired immune response, depressions/irritability

Answer 2

Function: builds tissues and develops red blood cells. Deficiencies: pernicious anemia, glossopyrosis, altered taste sensations, glossitis/cheilosis, stomatitis

Answer 3

* Bile is produced and secreted by the liver and is stored in the gallbladder * The action of bile salts allows insoluble molecules to be divided into smaller particles

Answer 4

* The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. * Stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes

Answer 5

•ion carrying a positive charge as a result of deficiency of electrons Ex: sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium Principal cation in plasma and interstitial fluid is sodium

Answer 6

Ion carrying a negative charge as a result of accumulation of electrons Ex: chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate Principal anion in plasma and interstitial fluid is chloride

Answer 7

Absorption of B12 occurs at specific receptor sites in ileum only if bound to intrinsic factor

Answer 8

Lipids o Concentrated source of energy o Spares protein

Answer 9

absorbed without further digestion simple sugars containing two to six carbon atoms o Glucose- in fruits o Fructose- in honey and fruits o Glaactose-product of lactose digestion; rarely found in nature o Sugar alcohols

Answer 10

cannot be metabolized by the body but they contribute to body function after they have been digested o Sucrose-table sugar o Lactose-sugar in milk o Maltose-does not occur naturally

Answer 11

complex carbohydrates- contain more than 10 monosachharide. Have a role in energy storage o Starch o Glucose polymers o Glycogen-carbohydrate storage in humans o Dietary fiber-non digestible components of food

Answer 12

carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans

Answer 13

The presence of a cell wall. Made up of a long straight chains of glucose units bound together in a very strong bonding to provide great mechanical strength with limited flexibility

Answer 14

Building block of protein

Answer 15

contains an adequate proportion of all nine of the essential amino acids

Answer 16

lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins found in plant foods can be mixed together to make a complete protein

Answer 17

compound lipids composed of triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol combined with protein; produced by the body

Answer 18

Fat 1 gram=9 calories Protein 1 gram=4 calories Carbs 1 gram=4 calories

Answer 19

* Saturated fatty acids are soluble at room temperature (animal fats) * Monounsaturated fatty acid: contains only one double bond * Trans fatty acid: the bad fats * Polyunsaturated fatty acid: connected by two or more double bonds

Answer 20

* Results in delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth * Poorly developed epithelium, connective tissue, and bone * Increased incidence of NUG * Kwashiorkor: develops when young children consume adequate kilocalories and inadequate high-quality protein

Answer 21

accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood

Answer 22

involuntary rhythmic waves of contraction traveling the length of the alimentary tract

Answer 23

using absorbed nutrients to build or synthesize more complex compounds  Process requires energy to build substances that make up the body itself and other substances necessary for body functions  Utilizes an “amino acid metabolic pool” (70 g of AA) to maintain equilibrium  Anabolism is dependent on all of the amino acids present simultaneously. Protein synthesis is also affected by caloric intake. If caloric intake is inadequate, tissue proteins are used for energy, resulting in increased nitrogen excretion. This process requires the B vitamin, pyridoxine.

Answer 24

: splitting of complex substances into simpler substances.  Fat oxidation  Krebs cycle  Occurs in liver, muscle, and kidney, creating urea as a waste product  Catabolism occurs mainly in the liver, but also in the kidneys and muscle. Amino acids are broken down into carbon skeletons and ammonia. Carbon skeletons are used to make nonessential amino acids and energy via the Krebs cycle, or are stored as fat. Ammonia is toxic and is converted to urea to be excreted by the kidneys. The removal of the nitrogen grouping from amino acids, a process that requires the B vitamins pyridoxine and riboflavin, yields carbon skeletons and ammonia.

Answer 25

* Liver closely monitors glucose level * Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose * Hypoglycemia: low blood glucose * Insulin promotes uptake if glucose by all cells in the body, enabling them to catabolize and/or store it. The liver and skeletal muscles are well adapted for storage of glucose for glycogen. Thus, excess glucose is removed from the bloodstream. If the glucose levels fall below the setpoint level, hormones such as glucagon promote the release of glucose from storage into the bloodstream. * Blood glucose levels will peak at 140 mg/dL 30 to 60 minutes after a meal and return to normal within 3 hours in individuals with normal insulin secretion and utilization. Blood glucose response to different foods, and different combinations of food cannot be accurately predicted from the amount of simple sugars or complex carbohydrates ingested

Answer 26

a process in which sugars fructose, galactose, sorbitol, and xylitol are stored as gycogen

Answer 27

a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

Answer 28

the rate at which glucose rises in the bloodstream after a particular food is eaten.

Answer 29

the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Answer 30

(BMR) indicates the energy required for involuntary physiological functions to maintain life, including respiration, circulation, and maintenance of muscle tone and body temp

Answer 31

); increase in metabolism that occurs during digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients

Answer 32

person’s total caloric requirement • Includes kilocalories necessary to maintain BMR, plus additional kilocalories needed for thermic effect, voluntary activities, and any increased needs from catabolic (disease states), or anabolic (growth or pregnancy) processes for a 24 hour period

Answer 33

* Defined as an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, causing total insulin deficiency. * Only 10% of diagnosed cases, commonly occurs before age 30 * Treated through diet, home blood glucose monitoring, and daily insulin injections

Answer 34

* Body produces insufficient amount of insulin or the body cells ignore the insulin and fail to use it to bring glucose into the body’s cells * Most common form and usually occurs after age 40 * Treatment through diet, home glucose monitoring, medication or insulin injections (40%)

Answer 35

are the main energy source for the brain. Without carbohydrates, the body could not function properly. Sources include fruits, breads and grains, starchy vegetables and sugars. Make at least half of the grains you consume whole grains. Whole grains and fruit are full of fiber, which reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Answer 36

is the major structural component of cells and is responsible for the building and repair of body tissues. Protein is broken down into amino acids, which are building blocks of protein. Nine of the 20 amino acids, known as essential amino acids, must be provided in the diet as they cannot be synthesized in the body. Ten to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from lean protein sources such as low-fat meat, dairy, beans or eggs.

Answer 37

is an energy source that when consumed, increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins including vitamins A, D, E and K. Twenty to 35 percent of your daily intake should come from fat. Choose healthy options such as omega-3-rich foods like fish, walnuts and vegetable-based oils. Omega-3s help with development and growth. Limit intake of saturated fats such as high-fat meats and full-fat dairy. Other smart choices include nuts, seeds and avocado.

Answer 38

is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, which provides structure to blood vessels, bone and ligaments. Rich sources include citrus fruits, strawberries and peppers. Folate, found in foods, helps to prevent birth defects. Pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant should speak with their physician about taking a folic acid supplement, the synthetic form of folate, in addition to their diet. Vitamin D helps to maintain calcium homeostasis. It can be found in food sources or synthesized by the sun.

Answer 39

Sodium helps to maintain fluid volume outside of the cells and helps cells to function normally. Keep intake under 2,400 milligrams per day. Potassium maintains fluid volume inside and outside of cells and prevents the excess rise of blood pressure with increased sodium intake. Rich sources include bananas, potatoes and tomatoes. Calcium helps to maintain and build strong bones and teeth. Include three servings of calcium-rich foods per day including milk, low-fat cheese and yogurt.

Answer 40

* Vitamin A: organ meats (liver), milk, cheese, eggs, oil, cod liver and fortified foods * Vitamin D (Calciferol): classified as a hormone; sun, oily fish (salmon), cereals, milk and yogurt * Vitamin E (Tocopherol): veggie oils, whole-grain or fortified cereals, nuts, green leafy veggies, peaches and apples * Vitamin K: kale, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, peas, ground beef and yogurt

Answer 41

• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): papaya, sweet red peppers, guava, orange juice, mango and strawberries

Answer 42

A nutritional deficiency as a result of decreased intake

Answer 43

Vitamin deficiency caused by an inadequate absorption or use, increased requirements, excretion, or destruction

Answer 44

1) Urination 2) Perspiration 3) Expiration 4) Defecation when 2% of body water is lost osmoreceptors are stimulated creating a physiological desire to ingest liquids

Answer 45

neurons in the hypothalamus that are sensitive to changes in serum osmolality levels. Stimulation of them causes thirst. o They also increase the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. This causes body to retain fluids by decreasing urinary output. o Decreased blood pressure also stimulates release of the enzyme renin which leads to an increased release of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. This release results in the retention of sodium and water by the kidneys. This release causes excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions and causes blood pressure to increase.

Answer 46

the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane to equalize osmotic pressure exerted by ions in solution. WATER MOVES FROM LOW CONC TO HIGH CONC

Answer 47

a. Sodium role: maintain normal ECF concentration by affecting the concentration,, excretion and absorption of potassium and chloride and water distribution b. Regulating acid base balance c. facilitating impulse transmission in nerve and muscle fibers d. sodium is present in calcified structures in the body: its function in bone and teeth is unclear e. it is also present in saliva, sodium concentration in saliva determines one’s recongniton of salt in food

Answer 48

o Iron is the most difficult mineral to obtain in adequate amounts in the american diet o Liver is often considered the best source of iron. o Meats, esp: beef), egg yolk, dark green vegetables and enriched breads/cereals all contribute significant amounts o Iron supplements come in two forms: ferrous from is better absorbed than the ferric form. o Iron can be considered toxic because of the bodies inability to excrete excess iron o Supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 49

the enlargement of the thyroid gland similar to the condition produced by deficiency

Answer 50

the thyroid can’t produce adequate amounts of thyroxine. The pituitary gland continues to secrete thyroid stimulated hormones resulting in further hypertrophy and engorgement of the thyroid gland. Goiter is usually associated with iodine deficiency, but maybe caused by excessive intake of goitrogens contained in cabbage, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, raw turnips and rutabagas

Answer 51

tooth formation

Answer 52

they are fight off something so we would not treat them in clinic

Answer 53

maximum development of the chin and jaw

Answer 54

6 mo. a. 4-6 oz. of juice diluted with equal parts water b. introduce new foods one at a time because they may have a food allergy c. order of introduction: veggies, meats, fruits (babies prefer sweet foods but offer others first) d. try to make lump free as possible to initiate some chewing e. fluoride supplements recommended for areas without fluoridated water

Answer 55

fermentable carbohydrates are a factor in the development of caries.  Major sources are added sugars, soda, fruit drinks, grain desserts, cookies, cakes, dairy desserts, ice cream, candy and cold cereals.  Non diet sports drinks and energy drinks  Sugar sweetened beverages  Sucrose isn’t the only culprit, other monosaccharides and disaccharides such as fructose, glucose, and maltose all produces similar amounts of substrate for metabolism by plaque bacteria to produce acid.  Polysaccharides- starchy foods such as rice potatoes and corn are less cariogenic than monosaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 56

I. 90% of saliva is produced and secreted by three paired sets of major salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Additionally, the lips and inner lining of the cheeks are equipped with hundreds of minor salivary glands. II. Healthy adults produce aprox: 1-1.5 L a day of saliva III. Compared with plasma, saliva is hypotonic with its main constituent being water IV. Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than plasma V. Saliva contains more than 2 proteins and glycoproteins, and many electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, sulfate, iodine, and fluoride. VI. pH of unstimulated saliva is 6.1 but can rise to 7.8 at high flow rates.

Answer 57

cracks around the mouth

Answer 58

inflammation of the tongue and are commonly associated with deficiencies of severe B complex vitamins. caused by thiamin and riboflavin deficiencies

Answer 59

B2 riboflavin, B6 pyridoxine, B12 cobalmin

Answer 60

- before surgery, hygienist should conduct a preliminary assessment of the pt for adequate nutrient reserves before dental procedure. If recommendations of the dietary guidelines and myplate are met, the pt dietary intake is considered adequate, and generally do not require special dietary modifications before surgery. - surgery on a chronic alcoholic or pt with an eating disorder could require preoperative replenishment of nutrient reserves. An elective surgery may need to be postponed for 1 to 2 weeks to allow improvement in nutritional status. A medically compromised pt is best serves by an RSN who can appropriately assess and determine energy and other nutrient requirements. - recommendations of a liquid nutritional supplement (aka breakfast) or multivatim with minerals may be warranted. - before surgery, the pt should be given a tailored meal plan listing nutrient dense foods and beverages to consume during the recovery period. Milk and 100 percent fruit juices contain many more nutrients than soft drinks even if caloric value is similar. The dental hygienist should consider the extent of the surgery, its potential discomfort, and encourage the patient to make food choices that avoid tissue trauma.

Answer 61

- because of blood loss, increased catabolism, tissue regeneration, and host defense activities after perio surgery, adequate nutrient intake is required. Meeting the requirement for kilocalories, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and decaffeinated fluids (8-10 oz. daily) enhances recovery. - the texture of foods depends on extent of the surgery and symptoms of the pt. A full liquid diet may be required by the first 1-3 days. It should consist of high protein, high kilocalorie fluids, and semi solid foods to promote optimal healing. Fluids can be drunk in a cup without a straw or spoon. A full liquid diet is only temporary. - a mechanically altered diet is suggested once able to after a full liquid diet. It includes soft, ripened, chopped, ground, mashed, and pureed foods. Foods are generally moist. Most raw fruits (except bananas) and veggies are avoided, as are any foods containing seeds or nuts. The mechanically altered diet is recommended for 3 to 7 days until the pt can tolerate regular foods. Consuming small frequent meals may provide adequate intake and is easier for the pt. Bland foods may be necessary to avoid irritating sensitive tissue. A liquid nutritional supplement, a multivitamin with minerals, or both may be recommended to ensure adequate nutrients and accelerate recovery. - periodontal dressing may be used to cover and protect the surgical site, Shield the tissue from irritation, help control postoperative bleeding, edema, and infection, and prevent accumulation of food debris and bacteria. Instruct the patient to avoid hard, sticky, and brittle foods, and to follow the guidelines for a mechanically altered diet for 1 to 2 days. Also encourage cool liquids and foods for the 24 hours to allow the dressing to harden and prevent swelling. Discourage smoking and the use of straws because sucking pressure could dislodge a blood clot.

Answer 62

```  Most abundant mineral in the body (~1200 g)  99% in teeth and bones  Functions  Bone health  Blood clotting  Transmit nerve impulses  Muscle contraction and relaxation  Membrane permeability  Activate certain enzymes ```

Answer 63

or deficient levels of calcium in the blood, results in tetany, a neuromuscular disorder of uncontrollable cramps and tremors involving the muscles of the face, hands, feet, and eventually the heart. Depressed serum calcium levels may be caused by hypoparathyroidism, some bone diseases, certain kidney diseases, and low serum protein levels.

Answer 64

abnormal ossification from vit D, calcium deficiency

Answer 65

"disease of adolescence"  90% of peak bone mass is attained by age 16.9 + 1.3 yr and 99% by age 26.2 + 3.7 yr  ¯ BMD associated with fractures in elder years, but also may predict fractures in children  Inadequate calcium intake in early life accounts for as much as 50% of difference in hip fracture rates in postmenopausal years

Answer 66

 Dizziness, flushing, nausea/vomiting, severe constipation, kidney stone formation, irregular heartbeat, tingling sensations, xerostomia, fatigue, and high blood pressure  May inhibit iron and zinc absorption

Answer 67

5.5 and below

Answer 68

4 grams= 1 teaspoon

Answer 69

 Limit between-meal snacks  Eat cariogenic foods during meals  Include whole grains, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy as snacks  Limit simple and retentive CHOs like crackers, soft drinks, sports drinks, fruit juice between meals  Rinse with water, chew xylitol gum, or brush teeth after snacks with fermentable carbohydrates  Calcium-rich foods such as low-fat cheese, yogurt, or milk for snacks  Appropriate use of fluorides, meticulous daily plaque removal

Nutrition Final Flashcards

(96 cards)