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Structure & Function 6 > Nutrition for Healthy Hormones > Flashcards

Nutrition for Healthy Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we need to advise feeding/diet for hormonal health?

A

maintain hormonal responses within normal physiological levels

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2
Q

glycaemic response measures what?

A

measures blood glucose levels

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3
Q

what is the glycaemic response?

A

a normal physiological process in man and animals
it is simply a rise in blood glucose over time
increase in glucose and the duration of that increase

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4
Q

what causes the glycaemic response?

A

glucose in the small intestine

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5
Q

what causes glucose in the small intestine?

A

a meal of easily digestible carbs

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6
Q

what removes glucose from the small intestine?

A

insulin (hormone secreted from pancreas)

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7
Q

if glycaemic response is not maintained at normal physiological levels - what happens?

A

will lead to insulin resistance

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8
Q

how do we keep the endocrine response to diet within normal physiological parameters?

A

meal size: to maintain insulin within normal physiological levels
processing: to increase small intestine digestion of starch

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9
Q

in order to maintain healthy hormones - what do we need to minimise?

A

minimise changes in glucose and insulin

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10
Q

sources of easily digested carbs are?

A

cereals (starch)
molasses and syrups (sugar)

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11
Q

what happens to raw/large meals of starch or resistant starch?

A

it bypasses enzymic digestion and is fermented in large intestine/hind gut

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12
Q

where are cooked/small meals of starch absorbed?

A

in small intestine

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13
Q

safe starch feeding for preventative nutrition?

A

maximise glycogen replacement
maximise small intestine digestion
provide some instant energy
keep insulin within normal physiological limits
advise feeding separately to fibre

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14
Q

high glycaemic response?

A

small intestine digestion of starch is maximised
this is the most efficient uptake of starch into the small intestine

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15
Q

low glycaemic response?

A

large intestine fermentation of starch

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16
Q

cows - what do minerals influence to do with PTH?

A

they influence the control of calcium mobilisation before and during lactation

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17
Q

start of lactation - massive demand for?

A

calcium
can’t increase absorption from the intestine fast enough
cannot mobilise Ca from the bones

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18
Q

we tell farmers to stop feeding calcium three weeks before lactation - no calcium in diet?

A

cows respond to decreased plasma Ca concentrations by increasing PTH
so cows will improve their ability to absorb Ca as it is not in their diet
increases resoprtion (release) of Ca from bone and renal tubular reabsorption

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19
Q

what does vitamin D help w/ to do with Ca?

A

increases intestinal absorption of Ca

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20
Q

what affect does PTH have on Ca?

A

parathyroid hormone increases Ca released from bone
Calcitonin - decreases Ca released from bone

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21
Q

principles of mineral feeding to help calcium mobilisation?

A

acidify diet
reduce potassium intake
increase magnesium intake

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22
Q

what diet thing increases the incidence of milk fever?

A

diets high in sodium and potassium
and low in chlorine and sulphur

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23
Q

grass - benefit?

Study These Flashcards
A

high in potassium
maintains healthy bones and decreases calcium available for lactation

24
Q

if we reduce potassium - what happens?

Study These Flashcards
A

grass are the cow equivalent of fruit and veg as high in K
potassium maintains bone health and keeps calcium in bones
needs opposing effect to reduce milk fever
in cows, high K reduces Mg absorption from rumen

25
increase magnesium in diet - what happens?
protective role of Mg in the pathogeneses of milk fever Mg is critical for release of PTH Hypomagnesaemia (low Mg) reduces functionality of PTH Mg and phosphorus play an important role in Ca in homeostasis kidney and bone are < repsonsive to PTH impairs the release of PTH reduces Ca mobilisation from the bone
26
on the farm - How do we manipulate diet to maximise mobilisation of calcium to maintain health of the dry cow?
calcium adjustments acidification of diet balance minerals
27
Why do you NOT increase dietary calcium before lactation?
increased dietary intake of Ca means: decrease in the efficiency of intestinal absorption decrease in Ca mobilisation from bone need to advise reduction in Ca to maximise absorption and mobilisation of calcium before lactation uptake is maximised at lactation when dietary Ca is increased
28
how do we ensure max absorption of calcium after birth
increase Ca in diet AFTER birth to ensure maximum absorption
29
why do we acidify diet to change the structure of the parathyroid hormone?
improve calcium mobilisation adjust dietary cation and anion balance (DCAB)
30
in order to check levels of Na and K - what do we need to do?
need to calculate the balance between acid and base using the equation below: * (Na+ + K+) - (Cl-+ S2-) meq/100g DM * Cations – anions
31
what do you need to do in order to balance minerals in diet?
reduce potassium ensure adequate magnesium intake
32
how do we minimise risk of milk fever and hypocalcaemia?
increase magnesium - supplement with 40g Mg (or 70-80g MgCl) decrease potassium - replace grass with maize silage, wholecrop or straw limit Ca to 30-50g in last 3 wks before calving
33
what is milk fever caused by?
caused by abrupt increase in Ca requirements at start of lactation needs 10x more calcium for milk than is in serum blood calcium moves into milk low blood calcium (hypocalcaemia) takes place in the days around calving
34
for what percentage of lactating are dairy cows pregnant for? (unique to dairy cows)
70% of the time lactating
35
describe the mammary gland of a dairy cow for the last two months of pregnancy?
mammary gland remains nearly fully developed during the last 2 months of pregnancy when the cow is not milked (dry cow)
36
due to genetic engineering, dairy cows produce more milk than needed in order to?
to feed her offspring
37
twice-a-day milking removes how much milk?
removes large volume of milk in a short time frame ( -10 min) in a cow whereas other animals (incl. humans) lose small amount frequently - so steady rather abrupt loss
38
how do you reassure that calcium deficit is short term?
cows remain in negative Ca balance for the first 6-8 weeks of lactation as lactation continues: feed intake of the cow increases, so intestinal tract increases in size compared to non-lactating cow, elevated 1,25(OH)2D3 Cow can now absorb enough Ca to meet her needs for lactation and replace skeletal Ca lost during early lactation
39
when cows remain in negative Ca balance for the first 6-8 weeks of lactation - what happens to the skeleton of the cow?
skeleton loses roughly 13% of its total Ca content during this period
40
summarise what needs to be done in order to mobilise calcium - help with calcium absorption:
Increase PTH release reduce urinary Ca losses Stimulate bone Ca reabsorption Increase 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis Enhance the active transport of Ca in the intestine
41
how can we mobilise calcium? - give brief answer
by manipulating the diet at specific times during the lactation cycle
42
what is 1,25(OH)2D3?
it is the active form of vitamin D
43
what is 1,25(OH)2D3 important for?
it is an important regulator of bone metabolism, calcium + phosphate homeostasis
44
how does potassium affect PTH receptor?
high potassium (K) increases alkalinity so changes shape of PTH receptor high K reduces Mg absorption from rumen
45
how does Mg affect PTH?
Low Mg reduces functionality of PTH
46
what does DCAB stand for?
dietary cation anion balance
47
other than potassium and magnesium, what else has an effect on PTH?
DCAB - dietary cation anion balance
48
In normal Mg acidotic conditions - what happens (with cAMP, PTH etc.)?
PTH released in response to hypocalcaemia and interacts with its receptor (found on surface of bone + kidney cells) in a lock and key fashion
49
What happens (with cAMP, PTH etc.) in normal Mg alkalotic conditions (high K)?
high potassium diets indue a change in the shape of the PTH receptor protein so that it is less able to recognise and bind PTH
50
what happens (with cAMP, PTH etc.) in a low Mg environment?
Mg is required for full function of the adenylate cyclase complex low Mg (hypomagnesaemia) reduces ability of PTH stimulated cells to produce cyclic AMP resulting in failure to activate the cell
51
what two minerals play an important role in Ca homeostasis?
magnesium and phosphorus
52
protective role of Mg in the pathogeneses of milk fever?
Mg is critical for release of PTH & synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3
53
what does hypomagnesaemia (low Mg) result in?
in reduced functionality of PTH kidney and bone are less responsive to PTH impairs the release of PTH and reduces Ca mobilisation from the bone
54
Acidification changes the balance between dietary cations and anions (DCAB) - what does this mean?
it increases mobilisation of Ca from bone and increases absorption of dietary Ca by increasing plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations
55
if you manipulate diets by increasing anions, what does this result in?
results in an increase Cl and S anions (chlorine and sulphur) Decrease of Na and K in order to maintain health and reduce/prevent the risk of milk fever disease mobilise calcium from bones
56
high protein diets induce...
induce metabolic acidosis
57
what influences parathyroid hormone control of calcium mobilisation before and during lactation?
minerals

Structure & Function 6 (19 decks)

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