nutrition general Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
body condition score
A
subjective: fat mass, lean mass
indicates whether energy/calories are appropriate
2
Q
BCS dogs
A
9 point scale
4-5 ideal
3
Q
BCS cats
A
9 point scale
5 is ideal
4
Q
muscle condition scoring (MCS) dogs/cats
A
palpation of spine, scapulae
should be smooth to indicate no muscle loss
5
Q
horse BCS
A
9 point scale
4-5 ideal
6
Q
beef cattle BCS
A
9 point scale
5-6 ideal
7
Q
dairy cattle BCS
A
5 point scale with 0.25 increments
2.5 ideal during growth
3.0 ideal during breeding
3.25-3.5 ideal during calving
8
Q
nutrient requirements can be expressed as:
A
absolute amount (ie 40g protein per day)
concentration on a dry matter basis (ie 20% crude protein)
concentration on a caloric basis (ie 80g crude protein/Mcal)
9
Q
what are dogs/cats typically fed?
A
water
homemade diet, commercial pet food, combo
treats, table scraps
10
Q
what are horses and cattle typically fed
A
water
forage
+/- concentrate
vitamin/mineral
11
Q
What is waters purpose?
A
- thermoregulation
- lacatation
- nutrient transport
- metabolism
- positively influences food intake
12
Q
daily water requirement for adult dog/cat
A
60-100ml/kg body weight
13
Q
daily water requirement for adult horse
A
~60ml/kg body weight
14
Q
what influences water requirements?
A
losses: sweat, urine, stool, milk, disease
environment: temperature, humidity
diet: dry matter, protein, sodium
15
Q
what are the sources of water?
A
drinking water
food: 10% in kibble/hay, 80% in canned food/fresh forage
metabolic body water: glucose + O2 > ATP + CO2 + water
16
Q
Dry matter (DM)
A
- food with no water
- not the way food is actually fed
- important for elim water to compare nutrient concentrations, calculate dry matter intake
17
Q
As Fed (AF)
A
- food with water (as is in packaging)
- water content varies (pasture/cans >hay/kibble)
18
Q
how to convert as fed to dry matter
A
divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM
18
Q
how to convert as fed to dry matter
A
divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM
19
Q
daily target dry matter (DM) for herbivores
A
2% body weight
20
Q
anaerobic metabolism
A
O2 not available
fast energy
cytosol
only glucose as substrate
lactate byproduct (gluconeogenesis)
21
Q
aerobic metabolism
A
O2 available
slow energy
TCA cycle in mitochondria
more energy produced
uses amino acids, fatty acids, and/or glucose as substrate
22
Q
most energy dense macronutrient
A
fats
23
Q
gross energy
A
food energy (gross)
burnt in bomb calorimeter
24
digestible energy
gross energy - fecal energy (burn food and poop)
used in horse
25
metabolizable energy
digestible energy - urine and gas energy
used in dog/cat
26
net energy
metabolizable energy - heat increment (energy lost as heat)
used in cattle
27
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
70x BW^0.75 (kg)
fasted and sleeping in a thermoneutral environment
28
resting energy requirements (RER)
hard to measure often used synonymously with BMR
70x BW^0.75 (kg)
29
daily energy requirements (DER)
resting energy requirements (RER) + needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, work
30
maintenance energy requirement (MER)
daily energy requirement for maintenance (eating, moving)
synonymous with DER
31
dog adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.6
same as Metabolizable energy
32
cat adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.2
same as Metabolizable energy
33
horse adult non working average daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
33.3kcal x BW (kg)
same as digestible energy
34
purpose of proteins
* muscle
* hormones
* enzymes
* plasma oncotic pressure
* acid/base balance
* energy substrate (aerobic)
35
what is crude protein?
nitrogen % x 6.25
does not differentiate amino acid vs non amino acid nitrogen
still need to confirm there is a source of essential amino acids
36
what is a good quality protein?
rich on essential amino acids
37
are byproducts a source of protein?
YES if meat based
organ meat
38
can plants be a good source of protein?
yes for herbivores, omnivores (would need supplementation)
not for carnivores (incomplete in essential amino acids)
39
how can you tell protein intake is adequate?
Muscle condition scoring (MCS)
serum albumin (in severe cases)
40
what is the purpose of lipid/fat?
* energy substrate (aerobic)
* lipid membranes
* fat soluable vitamin absorption
* neurlogical and retinal development
41
what are the 3 types of lipids?
1. triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
2. phospholipids
3. free fatty acids
42
saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
43
unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds
monounsaturated: 1 double bond
polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds
44
all essential fatty acids are _______ ____fatty acids
polyunsaturated, long chain
45
polyunsaturated fatty acids
2+ double bonds
omega 6 (linoleic, arachidonic acid) and omega 3 (ALA, EPA, DHA)
* (characterized by where first double bond is)
essential fatty acids are this type
46
omega 6 fatty acid
polyunsaturated
linoleic acid (LA)
arachidonic acid (AA)
47
omega 3 fatty acid
polyunsaturated
alpha linoleic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA
anti inflammatory
48
short chain fatty acids
aka volitile fatty acids (VFA)
<6 carbons
more in microbial contribution
49
meduim chain fatty acids
6-12 carbons
coconut oil
50
long chain fatty acids
13-21 carbons
essential fatty acids are all long chain
51
how are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissue?
mostly through lymphatics
also in blood
52
essential fatty acids for dogs
* linoleic acid (LA)
* **NOT** arachidonic acid (AA)
* alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
* EPA and DHA
53
essential fatty acids cats
* linoleic acid (LA)
* arachidonic acid (AA)
* **NOT **alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
* EPA and DHA
54
What is the purpose of carbohydrates?
* energy substrate (aerobic and anaerobic), glucose is preferred in brain and fetus
* blood glucose management
* GI health and gut microbe function
55
monosaccharide
simple sugar
56
disaccharide
2 monosaccharide units
57
oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharide units
58
polysaccharides
> 10 monosaccharide units
59
fiber vs non fiber
non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose
59
fiber vs non fiber
non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose
60
sources of carbohydrates
* Plant
– Grains
– Vegetables
– Forage
* Animal
– Glycogen
61
types of fiber on food label
– Crude fiber (CF)
* Insoluble
* Doesn’t represent TDF
– Total dietary fiber (TDF)
– Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
– Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
62
what does calcium do?
* acid/base balance
* bone and teeth structure
* blood coagulation
* muscle contraction
* nerve conduction
63
What happens if there is too little Ca in the diet?
* milk fever in cow
* elcampsia in bitch
* tetany
* osteopenia
64
Where do you get Ca?
* bone
* dairy
* Dicalcium phosphate
* calcium carbonate
* calcium citrate
* greens (not very bioavailable)
* legumes (alfafa)
65
What does phosphorus do?
* acid/base balance
* energy (ATP)
* preservative in human food
66
what if there is too little phosphorus in diet?
down cow (presents like milk fever)
67
What if there is too much phosphorus in diet?
* metabolic bone disease (inverse Ca to P ratio)
* struvite stones
* maybe chronic kidney disease
68
Where do you get phosphorus in diet?
* phospholipids
* meat
* grains, brans > forage
* dicalcium phosphate
* phosphates in prepackaged human food
69
Calcium Phosphorus Ratio
general target 1:1 - 4:1 Ca:P
if more P than Ca:
* increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull Ca from bone- osteopenia
if > 4:1
* calcium based urolithiasis
* down regulates parathyroid hormone
70
potassium
* cation
* cellular action potential/contraction
* in forage, fruit, veggies
71
magnesium
* cation
* enzyme cofactor (lots of functions)
* kindey function
* too little: grass tetany
* too much: alkalosis
* in: forage
72
sodium
* cation
* osmotic balance
* too much: salt toxicosis (if inadequate water intake)
* NaCl (table salt)
73
chloride
* anion
* can become low in blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
* many organic forms
* NaCl, KCl
74
What do Zinc and Copper do?
* cofactors for enzymes
* skin and coat health
* bone and cartilage
* intestinal health
75
zinc to copper ratio
1:1-1:4 Zn : Cu
76
what if there is too little copper in diet?
* achromotrichia (black coat turns rust color)
* aortic rupture
* poor doer
77
what if there is too much copper in diet?
* copper hepatopathy (some dogs)
* kindey disease (sheep)
78
Where are zinc and copper in the diet?
* organ meat
* inorganic sources
79
iodine
in thyroid hormones
in iodized salt, KI
80
iron
* hemoglobin
* too little: anemia
* in: forage, grain
* ferrous sulfate
81
sulfur
* anion
* component of sulfur containing amino acids, biotin, thiamine
* too much: degrade thiamine in rumen-- polioencephalomalacia
82
molybdenum
reduces bioavailability of other minerals
83
acid base balance
cations:
* potassium
* sodium
* magnesium
anions:
* chloride
* phosphorus
* sulphur (methionine)
Functions:
* blood pH
* urine pH
* muscle contraction, nerve conduction
84
vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
* conversion of pro vitamin D to Vit D (cholecalciferol) in skin of dogs/cats in inefficient
* function: promotes calcium absorption
* too little: developmental orthopedic disease
* too much: developmental orthopedic disease, soft tissue calcification
* Where to eat?: liver, kidneys, salmon, egg yolk, plants, supplements
* fat soluable
85
vitamin D, Ca, and P
Vit D promotes Ca absorption
if Ca low or P high - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulated
PTH stims Ca release from bone and P is excreted
86
vitamin E (tocopherols)
lipid antioxidant (protects PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake)
too little: myopathy, fat necrosis
fat soluable
87
selenium
* antioxidant (important for glutathione peroxidase)
* Thyroid hormone production (T3, T4)
* Too little: white muscle disease
* Where to eat?: grain, forage (if soil is rich), inorganic sources
88
vitamin A
function: vision, antioxidant, growth
found in: retinol (animal), beta-carotene (pro vitamin, plant, cats cant use)
fat soluable
89
vitamin K
blood clotting
plant, microbial, synthetic sources
90
B12/cobalamin
* DNA
* too little: GI dz, anemia
* where to eat?: animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes (cobalt is precursor)
91
B9/folate
* DNA
* too little: anemia
92
B3/Niacin
energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+, NADP+)
93
pyridoxine/B6
amino acid metabolism
Where to get?: grains, legumes
94
riboflavin/B2
95
thiamine/B1
* energy metabolism (TCA)
* Where to eat?: grains, byproducts
* heat-labile (sesitive)
* too little: neurlogic dz
96
choline
* fatty acid metabolism
* in fish, egg yolk
97
biotin
* gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism
* skin, coat, hooves
* in corn, gut microbes
