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Structure and functions in living organisms > Nutrition (human) > Flashcards

Nutrition (human) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the necessary food groups for a balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Dietary Fibre, Vitamins, Minerals (mineral ions), Water.

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2
Q

Define malnutrition and provide an example.

A
  • Malnutrition is an imbalance in nutrient intake.
  • Example: Starvation - suffering or death caused by the lack of food.
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3
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A
  • Sticks together cells lining surfaces to make connective tissues.
  • Deficiency: scurvy.
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4
Q

Name a source of dietary fibre.

A

Vegetables, whole grains.

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5
Q

How do energy requirements vary with age?

A
  • The amount of energy needed increases as individuals grow, especially during periods of growth.
  • Energy requirements decrease in older adults.
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6
Q

Why do pregnant women need extra calcium in their diet?

A

Extra calcium is needed for:

  • the development of the fetus’s bones, and teeth
  • To support the larger mass that the mother needs to carry.
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7
Q

Name the first part of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum.

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8
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Bile neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies lipids, breaking them into smaller droplets.

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9
Q

Explain the role of peristalsis in the alimentary canal.

A

Peristalsis is a mechanism that moves food along the alimentary canal through wave-like contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles.

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10
Q

Name an enzyme involved in the digestion of proteins.

A

Pepsin (produced in the stomach).

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11
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

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12
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A
  • The small intestine has a highly folded surface with villi, increasing its surface area.
  • Villi have microvilli, one cell thick for a short diffusion distance, and an efficient blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient.
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13
Q

Explain the health effects of an unbalanced diet.

A

An unbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition, resulting in health issues such as starvation, coronary heart disease, constipation, and obesity.

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14
Q

Describe the role of the duodenum in the small intestine.

A
  • The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where amylase, protease, and lipase enzymes digest food.
  • Bile is also released to neutralize stomach acid and emulsify lipids
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15
Q

How does peristalsis contribute to the movement of food in the alimentary canal?

A

Peristalsis involves wave-like contractions of muscles that push the bolus or chyme along the alimentary canal, facilitating digestion and absorption.

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16
Q

Discuss the functions of Vitamin D and its sources.

A
  • Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium for strong bones and teeth.
  • Sources include oily fish, dairy products, and sunlight exposure
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17
Q

Explain the significance of the lacteal in the structure of a villus

A

The lacteal transports fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph, facilitating the absorption of lipids.

18
Q

What must be increased/lacked in the diet of a person suffering from constipation?

A

Fibre

19
Q

What condition could be caused by a lack of iron?

A

Anaemia

20
Q

What is the result of a diet lacking iron?

A

Reduced number of red blood cells

21
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Digested food molecules move into the cells of the body where they are used and become part of the cells.

22
Q

What causes tooth decay? and which type of organism causes it?

A
  • Acids released by bacteria
  • Bacterium
23
Q

Which organ secretes amylase?

A

Pancreas

24
Q

What is the definition of chemical digestion?

A

Large insoluble molecules are changed into smaller soluble molecules.

25
Q

Which human teeth are used for biting and cutting food?

A

Incisors and canines

26
Q

What is the cause of the start of dental decay?

A

Acid dissolves enamel

27
Q

What is the dietary importance of fibre in humans?

A

To help food move through the alimentary canal

28
Q

Where does ingestion take place?

A

Mouth

29
Q

Suggest two reasons why starch is not digested in the stomach

A
  • Amylase is not produced by the stomach
  • Amylase only works in alkaline conditions
30
Q

Describe how carbohydrates are digested. (5)

A
  • Amylase breaks down starch
  • Starch is then broken down into sugars
  • the digestion of starch occurs in the mouth
  • Starch is also broken down in the small intestine
  • Amylase is produced in the salivary glands
31
Q

Describe and explain how the villi are adapted to maximize the rate of absorption of the products of digestion (5)

A
  • Thin wall to provide a shorter distance for food to travel
  • There are many mitochondria to provide energy
  • Many microvilli present to provide a large SA
32
Q

Why is it helpful to have lots of villi?

A

To increase SA.

33
Q

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

A

Stomach

34
Q

Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

A

Biuret reagent

35
Q

Describe a test that could be used to show that a person’s urine contains glucose

A

Test: Benedict and heat

Positive result: Colour changes from blue to brick red

36
Q

Where does the digestion of fat occur?

A

Small intestine

37
Q

Where does the absorption of water in the blood take place?

A

Large intestine

38
Q

How does the glucose concentration in the blood compare to the glucose concentration in the small intestine?

A
  • The concentration in the blood is lower
39
Q

Is starch digested in the small intestine?

A

Yes

40
Q

Suggest why coeliac disease may affect the growth of a child.

A
  • less calcium; less iron absorbed
  • less glucose absorption meaning there will be less respiration
41
Q

Explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirements of females.

A
  • When you are active there’s more muscle contraction meaning there is more respiration leading to more energy required and more glucose required as well.
42
Q

Explain how protein is digested in the stomach

A
  • pepsin breaks down protein into amino acids which increases the surface area for the enyzme

Structure and functions in living organisms (11 decks)

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