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ip4 bio > nutrition in flowering plants (plant physiology) > Flashcards

nutrition in flowering plants (plant physiology) Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

external features of a leaf (theres 4)

A
  • network of veins
  • leaf blade
  • leaf arrangement
  • leaf stalk (petiole)
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2
Q

network of veins:
veins contain the __________ _______ that carry ______ & __________ ______ to cells in leaf blade & ____________ _______ from cells to other parts of plant

A

vascular tissues, water & mineral salts, manufactured food

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3
Q

leaf blade:
large flat surface enabling it to obtain _____ amt of ________ for __________________
thinness allows atmospheric CO2 to _________ reach inner leaf cells

A
  • max, light, photosynthesis
  • rapidly
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4
Q

leaf stalk:
holds leaf blade _______ from stem so that it can obtain sufficient _______ & _____

A

away, light, air

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5
Q

internal struc of leaf (theres 6)

A
  • upper epidermis
  • palisade mesophyll
  • spongy mesophyll
  • vascular bundle
  • lower epidermis
  • stomatal pores
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6
Q

upper epidermis struc
- ______ layer of _______ packed cells covered on the outside by a ______ & ____________ _________
- _______ contain chloroplast

A
  • single, closely, waxy & transparent cuticle
  • doesn’t
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7
Q

upper epidermis func
- waxy cuticle ________ water _____ due to ____________ of water from epidermal cells
- transparent to allow _______ to _____ ________ to __________ layer

A
  • reduces, loss, evaporation
  • light, pass through, mesophyll
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8
Q

palisade mesophyll struc
- 1 or 2 layers of ________ packed, ______ & cylindrical cells below _______ __________
- contains ___________ ____________ containing ___________ specialised for ________________

A
  • closely, long, upper epidermis
  • numerous chloroplasts, chlorophyll, photosynthesis
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9
Q

palisade mesophyll func
as more light can be absorbed at the ________ surface of leaf, it contains the __________ conc of ____________, making it the ______ site of ______________ in leaf

A

upper, highest, chloroplasts, main, photosynthesis

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10
Q

spongy mesophyll struc
- cells ____________ shaped
- has ________ ______________ than palisade mesophyll
- cells covered in _____ ______ of ___________
- ________ packed, containing large ______________ ____ _________

A
  • irregularly
  • fewer chloroplasts
  • thin film, moisture
  • loosely, intracellular air spaces
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11
Q

spongy mesophyll func
- intracellular air spaces allow for _______ __________ of CO2 & O2 into & out of mesophyll cells
- _______ ______________ occurs here

A
  • rapid diffusion
  • some photosynthesis
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12
Q

vascular tissue struc
- veins in leaf contain _______ & ________ tissues that are grped tgt to form the vascular _________
- _________ consists of lignified hollow vessels
- __________ consists of sieve tubes & companion cells

A
  • xylem & phloem, bundle
  • xylem
  • phloem
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13
Q

vascular tissue func
- veins provide __________ for leaf
- xylem transports _______ & ___________ __________ ______ from the ______ to the __________ cells
- phloem transports the __________ __________ & ________ ______ away from leaf to _______ of plant

A
  • support
  • water & dissolved mineral salts, roots, mesophyll
  • synthesised sucrose, amino acids, rest
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14
Q

phloem transports sucrose not glucose cus the same amt of sucrose contains more ________ than the same amt of glucose & sucrose is a _______________ sugar so it can’t be ___________

A

energy, non-reducing, oxidised

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15
Q

lower epidermis struc
_______ layer of ________ packed cells covered on the outside by ______ & ____________ _________ with many __________ present

A

single, closely, waxy & transparent cuticle, stomata

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16
Q

lower epidermis func
- stomata allow for ____________ __________ between _____ _________ in spongy mesophyll & surrounding atmosphere
- waxy cuticle __________ water ______ due to ____________ of water from epidermal cells

A
  • gaseous exchange, air spaces
  • reduces, loss, evaporation
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17
Q

stomatal pores struc
- many _________ __________ surrounded by a pair of specialised _______ cells containing ___________ found on the epidermis
- more stomata found on _______ epidermis

A
  • minute openings, guard, chloroplasts
  • lower
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18
Q

stomatal pores func
- in presence of _______, stomata opened by _______ cells, allowing ____ to _________ in & ____ to ________ out of leaf
- stomatal opening controls rate of ______ ____

A
  • light, guard, CO2, diffuse, O2, diffuse
  • water loss
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19
Q

singular of stomata is

A

stoma

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20
Q

cells in epidermis r made up of

A

guard cells & epidermal cells

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21
Q

guard cells vs epidermal cells
shapes in surface view
guard:
epidermal:

A
  • bean shaped
  • irregularly shaped
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22
Q

guard cells vs epidermal cells
presence of chloroplasts
guard:
epidermal:

A
  • contain chloroplasts
  • don’t contain chloroplasts
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23
Q

guard cells vs epidermal cells
rate of diffusion of gases in & out of leaf
guard:
epidermal:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • can control rate of diffusion of gases by controlling size of stomata
  • don’t control rate of diffusion of gases as they only protect inner regions of leaf
24
Q

guard cells vs epidermal cells
cell wall thickness
guard:
epidermal:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cell wall near stoma thicker than rest of cells wall
  • uniform thickness
25
stomata generally open in _______ & close in ______
light, dark
26
how guard cells control size of stomata presence of sunlight 1. ___________ in guard cells photosynthesise, using _______ in light to synthesise _________ 2. water potential in cell ____ is ____________ by __________ in _________ conc, which is metabolised to release __________ energy via respiration to pump _____________ ions from neighbouring epidermal cells into guard cells (_______ transport) 3. _______ from neighbouring epidermal cells enters guard cells by __________ --> cells ______ & become _______ 5. guard cells have _________ cellulose wall on _______ side of cell (side arnd _________ ______), causing the ________ guard cells to _______ arnd _______ & it ______
- chloroplasts, energy, glucose - sap, decreased, increase, glucose, chemical, potassium, active - water, osmosis, swell, turgid - thicker, inner, stomatal pore, swollen, curve, stoma, opens
27
how guard cells control size of stomata absence of sunlight (eg night/ in dark) 1. _____________ ions ______________ during day diffuse _____ 2. this ___________ water potential in guard cells & water _______ them by ___________ 3. guard cells become ________ & __________ _____ _______
- potassium, accumulated, out - increases, leaves, osmosis - flaccid, stomatal pore closes
28
how guard cells control size of stomata on very hot days 1. ________ evaporation of water causes guard cells to become _______ --> ______ _______ 2. _________ __________ water loss from leaf
- excess, flaccid, stoma closes - prevents excessive
29
guard cells can regulate rate of ____________ of ______ into & out of leaf & ________ amt of ________ ________ escaping
diffusion, gases, reduce, water vapour
30
word eqn of photosynthesis
water + carbon dioxide ---(light)-----(chlorophyll)---------> glucose + oxygen
31
chem eqn of photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 ----(light)--------(chlorophyll)---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
32
photosynthesis occurs in
chloroplast
33
chloroplast contains many stacked disks called ______ that r formed from ___________ _______ of inner membranes called __________, containing __________
grana, extensive folding, thylakoid, chlorophyll
34
chlorophyll is a _______ pigment that absorbs ______
green, light
35
chlorophyll absorbs ____ & _____ light the best but reflects most of the ______ light. that's why the leaf appears ______ in colour
red, blue, green, green
36
word eqn for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxy -----------------> water + carbon dioxide + energy
37
chem eqn for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------------> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy (36 ATP)
38
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration type of metabolic process photosynthesis: _________ process which results in ___________ of carbohydrate molecules from simple inorganic molecules aerobic respiration: _________ process which results in ___________ of carbohydrate molecules to simple inorganic molecules
- anabolic, synthesis - catabolic, breakdown
39
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration what happens to energy photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- energy accumulated & stored in glucose - energy incorporated into ATP
40
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration what happens to O2 photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- O2 released - O2 used up
41
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration what happens to CO2 & H2O photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- CO2 & H2O used up - CO2 & H2O released
42
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration what happens to dry mass (mass after removing water from organism) photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- increase in dry mass - decrease in dry mass
43
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration where does it occur photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- occurs in chloroplast - occurs in mitochondrion
44
diff between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration when does it occur photosynthesis: aerobic respiration:
- occurs only in cells possessing chlorophyll & in presence of light - occurs continuously in nearly all cells in living organisms
45
similarities between photosynthesis & aerobic respiration 1. both are _____________ processes 2. both need mechanisms for ___________ of ____ & ___ with env 3. both need _____________: _______________ for respiration & ____________ for photosynthesis
- metabolic - exchange, CO2 & O2 - organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts
46
during photosynthesis, energy from light from sun is converted into ____________ energy which is stored within _______________ ____________ eg _________
chemical, carbohydrate molecules, glucose
47
uses of glucose: - used by plant cells for ________ ______________ to __________ _________ for cellular activities - excess converted to _______ for __________ in _____________ - form ___________ cell ______ - excess also converted into ____________ & transported via _________ to storage organs where it's converted to _________/other forms of storage compounds - _____ (which may be used in cellular respiration/ formation of cell membranes) formed from glucose in leaves - glucose reacts with __________ (mineral salts) to form ________ _______ which r used to build new ____________/stored as __________
- tissue respiration, release energy - starch, storage, chloroplasts - cellulose, walls - sucrose, phloem, starch - fats - nitrates, amino acids, protoplasm, proteins
48
rate of photosynthesis is the amt of _____ produced per _____
O2, min
49
rate of photosynthesis is affected/limited by 4 factors:
- light intensity - light colour - conc of CO2 - temp
50
light intensity - as light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis ____________ from 0 to pt X, at which range it's the ___________ factor - beyond pt X, light intensity is ______________ as the rate of photosynthesis remains ___________ even as light intensity increases - other factors may then become the limiting factor
- increases, limiting - not limiting, constant
51
light colour - diff ______________ of light r absorbed by ___________ during photosynthesis - _____ & ____ r absorbed most _____________ by _____________, indicating _________ rates of photosynthesis - green produces _________ rate of photosynthesis
- wavelengths, chlorophyll - blue & red, efficiently, chlorophyll, highest - lowest
52
an absorption spectrum shows _________ to which diff _____________ of light r absorbed
extent, wavelengths
53
an action spectrum shows rate of _________________ against the diff _____________ of light
photosynthesis, wavelengths
54
conc of CO2 - as CO2 conc is increased from 0.04% to 1%, the rate of photosynthesis __________, showing that it's the _________ factor - under norm conditions, CO2 is impt _________ factor since atmospheric CO2 remains at 0.03-0.04%
- increases, limiting - limiting
55
temp - since photosynthesis is an ____________________ reaction, it is a __________-sensitive process - rate of photosynthesis _________ for every ____°C increase until ___________ temp - increasing temp while keeping CO2 conc constant causes an ___________ in rate of photosynthesis thus temp is the ___________ factor
- enzyme-controlled, enzyme - doubles, 10, optimum - increase, limiting

ip4 bio (4 decks)

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