Nutrition in Humans Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Food contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates that are broken down during the process of [_____ _____] to release energy to be used by the body.
A
cellular respiration
2
Q
An organism’s [__] refers to the kinds of foods that the organism regularly consumes.
A
diet
3
Q
[___] are animals which feed on plants only.
A
Herbivores
4
Q
[___] are animals which feed on other animals.
A
Carnivores
5
Q
[___] are animals which feed on both plants and animals.
A
Omnivores
6
Q
The chemical substances that are consumed as parts of an organism’s diet and play
important physiological functions in the body are called [___].
A
nutrients
7
Q
The intake and subsequent absorption of [____] (organic material and mineral salts) by an organism for [___] production, [___], [____], [___] repair and other vital processes is referred to as [___].
A
nutrients - energy - growth - development - tissue - nutrition
8
Q
[___] and [___] are two units used to measure the amount of energy stored in food.
A
Kilojoules - calories
9
Q
One [___] is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.
A
calorie
10
Q
[__] provides the most energy of all the nutrients: one gram of fat contains about
[__] as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates or protein.
A
Fat - twice
11
Q
Starch and sugars are two types of [___] that can be obtained from food. [__] are found in fruits, vegetables, and some animal products such as milk and honey. [__] is only present in food types of plant origin such as potatoes. In general, foods that constitute a major component of our diet are called [__] foods and include foods rich in [__].
A
carbohydrates - Sugars - Starch - staple - starch
12
Q
Carbohydrates constitute a major [__] source. During digestion, starch and most of the sugars present in food are broken down into [__] which is the main substance of cellular [___] and it is used by cells as an immediate source of energy.
A
energy - glucose - respiration
13
Q
The storage form of glucose in muscle and liver cells is [___].
A
glycogen
14
Q
The short term energy storage form of glucose in animals is [___].
A
glycogen
15
Q
The long term energy storage form of glucose in animals is [__].
A
fats
16
Q
The storage form of glucose in plants is [__].
A
starch
17
Q
[___] is the carbohydrate found in dietary fiber. It is present in the cell walls of plant cells.
A
Cellulose
18
Q
Foods rich in fiber include [___], [__ __ __], [__ __ __], [__ __ __], [__], [__ __ __] (NOT white bread), [__] and fresh [__]. [___ ___] are poor in fiber.
A
vegetables - whole cereal grains - whole meal oats - whole meal wheat - nuts - whole meal bread - bran - fruit - Refined cereals
19
Q
Refined cereals contain much less [__] than whole meal cereals because the refinement process usually involves the removal of the [__], the outer covering of the cereal grain.
A
fiber - bran
20
Q
Wholemeal cereals contain more [__] than refined cereals.
A
fibers
21
Q
Brown bread contains more [__] than white bread.
A
fibers
22
Q
Brown bread is made of [__] wheat grains. White bread is made from [__]
wheat grains.
A
whole. refined
23
Q
It is important to have a diet rich in [____] in order to maintain a healthy digestive system and to decrease the risk for many bowel diseases like [___] and [__ __].
A
dietary fiber/roughage - constipation - colon cancer
24
Q
Dietary fiber or roughage is the undigested [___] of plants.
A
cellulose
25
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that forms the [__ __] of plant cells.
cell wall
26
Dietary fiber keeps the [____] healthy.
colon/digestive system
27
Dietary fiber helps in exercising bowel muscles, promoting [___] and preventing [___].
peristalsis - constipation
28
Dietary fiber prevents bowel [__].
cancer
29
Dietary fiber retains [__] to keep feces soft.
water
30
Dietary fiber prevents [__].
obesity
31
[___] is a form of malnutrition as the diet is lacking dietary [____]. Constipation occurs when the movement of food along the alimentary canal is [__] making defecation difficult.
Constipation - fiber/roughage - slow
32
[___] fats are usually solids at room temperature and are usually of animal
origin.
Saturated
33
[___] fats are generally liquids at room temperature and are usually of
plant origin.
Unsaturated
34
```
White meat (chicken meat and fish) contain more [___] fats and less
[___] fats than red meat.
```
unsaturated - saturated
35
Red meat contain more [___] fats and less [___] fats than white meat.
saturated - unsaturated
36
Vegetable oils are mostly made of [___] fats.
unsaturated
37
[___] fats contain fatty acids that lack double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Saturated
38
[____] fats contain fatty acids with at least on carbon-carbon double bond.
Unsaturated
39
Lipids are used as a source of [__] once the carbohydrates have been depleted.
energy
40
Lipids are water [___] and can be stored inside the cell without altering its [___]
potential and drawing water into the cell. This is why fats are considered to be [__ __ __ __ __].
insoluble - osmotic - long term
| energy storage molecules
41
Fats are stored in adipose tissue under the skin thus they [___] the body, and help
reduce heat loss.
insulate
42
Lipids are essential component of the [___], such as the nuclear [___].
membranes - membrane
43
Some steroids function as [___].
hormones
44
Lipids provide [___] for internal organs (e.g. kidneys) from injury and shock.
protection
45
Fats are commonly stored in the [___] tissue under the skin forming an insulating layer that reduces [__] loss from the body. Otherwise they can be converted into [__] and stored around the kidney or under the [__].
adipose - heat - fats - skin
46
The building blocks of [___] are [__ __].
proteins - amino acids
47
There are [_] different types of amino acids. [__] of them cannot be synthesized by the body and are called the [___] amino acids.
21 - Nine - essential
48
[__ __], [__], [___], [__] and [__] products are important animal sources of essential amino acids.
Red meat - fish - poultry - eggs - dairy
49
Food types of plant origin such as [__], peas, and [___] also contain some essential amino acids.
beans - peas - peanuts
50
Proteins are important for making new [__], which are needed for [___] and [___] of body [___] such as muscles, blood, cartilage and bones.
cells - growth - repair - tissues
51
Proteins are also important in making vital molecules such as [____] and [___].
antibodies - enzymes
52
[__] and [__] are largely made of proteins.
Hair - nails
53
Proteins serve as an [___] source once the carbohydrates and lipids have been depleted only in the last stages of [___].
energy - starvation
54
Excess amino acids are not [__] in the body, they are broken down by a process known as [____] in the [__] and converted into carbohydrates (glycogen) and ammonia.
stored - deamination - liver
55
The excess amino acids are converted into [____] to be used in [____] to release [___].
carbohydrates - respiration - energy
56
The excess amino acids are converted into [___] which is converted into [__] and excreted in the urine.
ammonia - urea
57
Examples of foods rich in calcium include dairy products [__], [___] and [___], fish and some green leafy vegetables.
milk - cheese - yoghurt
58
Calcium strengthens the [__] and [__].
bones - teeth
59
Calcium is essential for [__] contraction and [__] impulse transmission.
muscle - nerve
60
Calcium ions present in blood plasma play an important role in the process of [__ __].
blood clotting
61
[___] is the disease caused by inadequate calcium in the diet. The bones will be [__] and brittle.
Rickets - weak
62
A diet deficient in [__] would result in fragile bones, weak teeth and poor blood clotting.
calcium
63
Red meat, dark green leafy vegetables, lentils and beans are all rich sources of [__] which is needed for the formation of [____].
iron - hemoglobin
64
Examples of foods rich in iron include red [__] (liver and kidney), [__], beans, [__], groundnuts, bread, [___] and other dark green leafy vegetables.
meat - eggs - lentils - spinach
65
Iron is important for the formation of [____] which is an [___]-carrying pigment in red blood cells.
hemoglobin - oxygen
66
Iron is also needed for the proper functioning of [___] and some [___] in the body.
muscles - enzymes
67
Shortage of iron results in [___]. Insufficient amount of hemoglobin is made and the [__] carrying capacity of the blood is reduced making an anemic person look [__] and feel [__]. Other symptoms include lack of energy, shortness of [___], and heart [____].
anemia - oxygen - pale - tired - breath - palpitations
68
The sources of vitamin C include fresh citrus fruits such as [___], [___], [____]. Vitamin C can also be found in [___] and [___]. It is a water-soluble vitamin.
oranges - lemons - grapefruit - tomatoes - cabbage
69
Vitamin C is important because it helps make proteins that are involved in the formation of [__], [___], [____], and blood vessels.
skin - tendons - ligaments
70
Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of [___]; a protein that helps keep the skin firm and resilient.
collagen
71
Vitamin C helps maintain healthy [__] and [__].
skin - gums
72
Vitamin C is needed for tissue repair and proper functioning of the [___ ___]
immune system
73
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to [___] that is characterized by a bleeding
gums, wounds that do not heal properly and joints pain.
scurvy
74
Vitamin D is found in [___], milk, [___], [__ __], and [__] meat. Vitamin D is also made by the [__] in the [__]. It is a fat-soluble vitamin.
butter - cheese - egg yolk - red - skin - sun
75
Vitamin D is needed for hardening of the [__] and [__].
bones - teeth
76
Vitamin D aids in the uptake of [___] by the intestine.
calcium
77
Deficiency of vitamin D is caused by a lack of exposure to the [__] as well as a
lack of vitamin D in the diet.
sun
78
Deficiency of vitamin D causes [___] in young children. The bones are soft and
legs bow outwards.
rickets
79
Deficiency of vitamin D in adults leads to [____] in which the bones are
soft and there is an increased risk of fractures.
osteomalacia
80
[__] serves as the major solvent in the body and as the transport medium for the distribution of nutrients and the collection of waste products.
Water
81
A [___ __] is a diet that includes the proper amounts and proportions of the different types of nutrients:
❥ Enough [____] and [__] to provide energy.
❥ Enough [___] and [__ __] for growth and tissue repair.
❥ [___], [___] salts, [___] and [__] in adequate quantities for the body to function properly.
balanced diet
❥ carbohydrates - fats
❥ proteins - amino acids
❥ Vitamins - mineral - roughage - water
82
A balanced diet varies with [__], [___], [___ ___], [___], [____] and [___].
age - gender - physical activity - lifestyle - pregnancy - lactation
83
Energy requirements [___] with age, but decrease in old age.
increase
84
Children have a [___] energy requirement than adults since they are still growing. Elderly people have [___] energy needs and have a lower basal metabolic
rate.
higher - lower
85
Mature men have [__] energy requirements than women. This is due to the fact that woman have more fat.
higher
86
Energy requirements [___] with activity: The physically active individuals need to consume [___] food than those leading sedentary lives.
increase - more
87
Physically active individuals need to consume more food than those leading sedentary lives because energy requirements [___] with physical activity.
increase
88
Lactating women usually have slightly higher [__] and [___] requirements than other female adults.
energy - calcium
89
Pregnant women may have higher [__], [__] and [__] requirements than other female adults.
energy - calcium - iron
90
During pregnancy a woman needs to increase her intake of [__], [___], [___], [__], vitamin [_], [_], [_] and [__ __].
❥ [___] are needed so that the baby can make new tissue.
❥ [___] and vitamin [_] are needed for bone development.
❥ [__] is needed to make hemoglobin. More red blood cells filled with hemoglobin are required to deliver oxygen from the mother to the fetus.
❥ [__ __] is needed to prevent spinal cord defects.
```
energy - protein - calcium - iron - A - C - D - folic acid
❥ Proteins
❥ Calcium - D
❥ Iron
❥ Folic acid
```
91
Pregnant and lactating women usually have [___] energy and calcium requirements
than other female adults.
higher
92
[____] is a condition that results from:
❥ a diet in which one or more [___] are not enough or are in excess.
❥ a diet that has an excess or deficit of [__] intake.
Malnutrition
❥ nutrients
❥ calorie
93
A diet that provides inappropriate (i.e. too much or too little) amounts or proportions of the [___] required by the body is called an [___ __].
nutrients - unbalanced diet
94
[___] is a condition characterized by being extremely [___]. It is caused by ingesting excess amounts of food for a prolonged period of time.
Obesity - overweight
95
A method that could help indicate if an individual is [___] involves calculating the [__ __ __] or [__] which is the ratio of a person’s [__] in kilograms divided by the square of [__] in meters.
obese - body mass index - BMI - weight - height
96
A BMI value of [_]-[_] usually represents a healthy weight. A BMI value of [_] or above could be an indication of obesity.
18 - 25 - 30
97
The intake of more [___] than what is required by the body.
❥ High intake of [__] foods, especially [___ __].
❥ High intake of [__].
❥ Lack of [___].
❥ [__] which can lead to comfort eating.
```
calories
❥ fatty - saturated fats
❥ sugar
❥ exercise
❥ Stress
```
98
```
The health problems associated with being overweight and obese are:
❥ [___ ___ ___]
❥ [___]
❥ [__ ___ ___]
❥ [__]
❥ [___]
❥ Problems in the [__] of the legs due to the extra amounts of weight being
imposed on them.
```
```
Coronary heart disease
❥ Strokes
❥ High blood pressure
❥ Diabetes
❥ Arthritis
❥ joints
```
99
[____] and [___ __] sticks to the walls of the arteries. The arteries are [___] slowing down the flow of blood. This condition is [_____].
Cholesterol - saturated fats - narrowed - atherosclerosis
100
The artery walls become rough which can cause the blood to [__]. [____] is the formation of a blood [__] inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood.
clot - Thrombosis - clot
101
If the coronary arteries get partly blocked, not enough [___] reaches the heart muscle. The resulting chest pain is known as [__].
oxygen - angina
102
A total blockage of the coronary artery in which the supply of [__] to the heart muscle is completely cut off is known as a [__ __].
oxygen - heart attack
103
The risk factors of coronary heart disease CHD or cardiovascular disease include:
❥ Eating a diet rich in [___] animal fat and [___].
❥ Being [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ Lack of [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ [__] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ The inheritance of [__] that tend to increase the risk of CHD.
❥ The chance of CHD increases with [__].
```
❥ saturated - cholesterol
❥ overweight
❥ Smoking
❥ exercise
❥ Stress
❥ genes
❥ age
```
104
The high intake of fats and cholesterol increases the risk of the arteries becoming [___] due to the accumulation of [___ __] on the inner walls of the heart blood vessels causing [___ __ __].
narrow - saturated fats - coronary heart disease
105
[___] is a form of malnutrition characterized by a low body weight. It is caused by an extremely [__] intake of food for a prolonged period.
Starvation - low
106
During starvation the basal metabolic rate is [___].
reduced
107
Once the body’s stores of [___] have been depleted the body uses stored fat and then [__] in the muscles as a source of energy. This leads to [___] wasting and a thin appearance.
carbohydrates - proteins - muscle
108
Starvation can lead to restricted [___], reduced [___], and permanent damage to organs or even death.
growth - immunity
109
[___] and [___] are severe forms of malnutrition linked to
| starvation.
Kwashiorkor - marasmus
110
Children suffering from kwashiorkor are often [____] and their bodies look [___].
underweight - emaciated
111
Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency of [___] in the diet and can therefore be treated by restoring [__] in the diet.
protein - protein
112
Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have [___] body parts, including the [__].
swollen - belly
113
Marasmus is a severe form of [___].
❥ Marasmus is caused by lack of [__] nutrients in the diet.
❥ Marasmus is characterized by a [__] caloric intake and can be treated by
increased nutrient intake.
❥ Marasmus is a result of [___].
❥ Children suffering from marasmus have a body weight much [__] than normal
and look [___] (abnormally thin or weak). Marasmus mostly affects
[__] but it can also affect [__].
❥ [___] is not a sign of marasmus.
```
malnutrition
❥ many
❥ low
❥ starvation
❥ lower
❥ emaciated
❥ infants
❥ adults
❥ Swelling
```
114
The life-threatening and debilitating condition caused by a lack of proteins in the diet and seen in countries suffering from malnutrition is referred to as [____].
Kwashiorkor
115
[___] is the mineral that can result in fragile bones, weak teeth, and poor blood clotting if it was deficient in the human body.
Calcium
116
Scurvy is a condition caused by [___ _] deficiency that is characterized by bleeding gums and wounds that do not heal properly. It is also characterized by joint pain.
vitamin C
117
Rickets is a condition caused by [___ _] deficiency that causes bones to become soft and deformed in children.
vitamin D
