Nutrition Midterm Flashcards by Lindsay Kirkpatrick

what are naturally health promoting chemicals found in plants called?

phytochemicals

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why are natural sources of vitamins better than supplements?

there are phytochemicals naturally

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what are the 4 main macronutrients?

proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water

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why are proteins important?

Provides building blocks for growth

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What is the most important function of protein?

Work as amphioteric compounds to buffer the blood

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what are complete proteins?

have all essential amino acids

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what are incomplete proteins?

missing at least one essential amino acid

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what is it called when you put 2 or more incomplete complementary proteins together to get all essential amino acids?

mutual supplementation

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what is the best kind of fat?

monounsaturated

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what do monounsaturated fats do to the body?

lower LDL, do not affect HDL

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what are bad fats?

trans fats

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what do trans fats do to the body?

raise LDL, lower HDL, increase cancer risk

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what foods have trans fats?

cookies and crackers

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at what stage of life are fats most essential? Why?

childhood
myelination of nerves

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what is the best source of monounsaturated fat?

olive oil

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why are carbs/glucose essential?

main source of fuel for brain and RBCs

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list the fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

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fat soluble vitamins are good ____

antioxidants

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Where can fat soluble vitamins be stored?

Fatty tissues & liver

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what are the 2 forms of vitamin A?

retinol, carotenoids

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what form of vitamin A is toxic? Why?

retinol
stored in the liver at high doses

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what does retinol cause in high doses in pregnant females?

birth (teratogenic) defects

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what is a source of retinol?

red meat

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where are carotenoids stored?

subcutaneously

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what are sources of carotenoids?

orange or yellow skin fruits or vegetable, green leafy vegetables

are carotenoids toxic?

what does vitamin A deficiency cause?

nyctalopia (night blindness)

what is the active form of vitamin D?

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

what is the function of vitamin D?

Turns on calcium binding proteins in the intestines for absorption of calcium

what is the activation pathway for vitamin D?

skin -> liver -> kidney

what vitamins are made by the body?

D, K (manequinone), biotin

What vitamins are made by the duodenal mucosa?

Manequinone (K), biotin

what is the function of vitamin E?

protects RBC membranes (Increases athletic performance)

what is the active form of vitamin E?

d-alpha-tocopherol

what are the forms of vitamin K?

phylloquinone and menaquinone

is phylloquinone made in the body?

no, must be eaten

is menaquinone made in the body?

yes, in the intestines

What are the sources of vitamin K?

Black strap molasses, dark green leafy vegetables

vitamin K is injected to ____

all newborns

what is vitamin K preventative for?

morning sickness symptoms

what medication should vitamin K not be taken with?

coumadin (blood thinner) Could kill

why should vitamin K not be taken with coumadin?

vitamin K knocks it off its binding site (blood gets too thin and can cause death)

what is the best way to increase HDLs?

exercise

why is protein important with breakfast?

decreases cholesterol, stimulates glucagon -> stabilizes blood sugar -> prevents cortisol spikes

insulin resistance causes...

blood sugar swings

GI, colon problems, insulin insensitivity, etc., cause...

nutrient absorption problems

what is the action of fiber?

brings water into large intestines to allow normal bowel movements

what diseases does fiber prevent?

heart disease, colon cancer, hemorrhoids

What is the best source of fiber?

Undigestible carbohydrates

are B vitamins water or fat soluble?

water soluble

what is the active form of B1?

thiamine pyrophosphate

what is B1 essential for?

carbohydrate metabolism (High carb diet increases need for B1)

what population is B1 especially important for?

athletes

what are the sources of B1,2,3,5,6 vitamins?

wheat germ, brewers yeast, stone ground wheat products

B1 is an ____ vitamin meaning that it ____

anti-neuritic; improves cognition

what disease is related to B1?

Wernicke Korsakoff (alcohol is stealing B1)

what does Wernicke-Korsakoff cause?

peripheral neuropathy

what is the active form of B2?

riboflavin

what is B2 important for?

cellular respiration (makes ATP)

what is a deficiency in B2 called?

ariboflavinosis

what are the active forms of B3?

niacin, nicotinic acid, niacinamide

what does high dose of niacin cause?

flushing reaction

what is caused by a B3 deficiency?

pellagra

what is pellagra characterized by?

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (3 d's)

what is the active form of B6?

pyridoxal phosphate or pyrodoxine

B6 is also known as the…

master vitamin

Which vitamin increases bioavailability of magnesium?

what vitamins are stolen by oral contraceptives?

B1, B2, B6

what mineral is also lost with oral contraception?

magnesium

how would a patient present who has vitamin and mineral deficiency from oral contraceptive use?

young girl with chronic headaches

what is the active form of B9?

tetrahydrofolate

what are the sources of B9?

fresh fruits and vegetables, uncooked meat

what can B9 deficiency cause?

neural tube defects

what is the active form of B12?

cobalamin

how can poor diet cause B12 deficiency?

eating poorly -> achlorhydria (low HCl) -> gastric pits -> problems absorbing B12 (Seen in older adults who lack proper secretion of HCl)

what vitamins play a role in heart disease

B6, B9, B12

what is the most important vitamin in preventing heart disease and why?

B12, breaks down homocysteine

what can a B9 and/or B12 deficiency cause?

megaloblastic anemia

what happens if you give B9 to someone with B9 and B12 deficiency?

B12 deficiency destroys lateral funiculus (multiple systems disease/posterolateral sclerosis)

how does destruction of lateral funiculus present?

stocking glove peripheral neuropathy

vitamin C is an important...

tissue antioxidant

what do bioflavinoids do?

keep vitamin C active (reduced) (Increases absorption of vit C)

what do bioflavinoids protect against?

heart disease (decrease cholesterol, preserve capillaries, decrease platelet aggregation (natural blood thinner))

biotin deficiency can cause...

cradle cap in infants

biotin promotes healthy ____, ____, and ____

sweat glands; nervous tissue; bone marrow

coQ10 is also known as ____

ubiquinone

what is the function of CoQ10?

produces energy using the electron transport chain

What substance can negatively impact connective tissue function by reducing bone formation and collagen sources?

Cortisol

What is characteristic of B vitamin deficiencies?

Glossitis

Nutrition Midterm Flashcards

(89 cards)