Nutrition - Mode Of Nutrition + Digestive System

Question 1

Mode of nutrition - key term

Answer 1

Autotrophic - synthesis complex organic molecule from inorganic substance using energy source
-Photoautotrophic: use light as energy
-chemo autotrophic: use chemical energy (hydrogen, sulfide)

Heterotrophic - obtain complex organic molecule via digesting or absorption other organism that makes it
-saprotrophic: extracellular digestion via enzyme
-holozoic; internal digestion then absorb
-parasitic: living in host or on and take from them

Mutualism:
Different organism living in or on eachother to provide survival benefits to all parties

Question 2

Autotrophic

Answer 2

Photo autotrophic
-co2+ water = atp+o2

Chemo autotrophic
-most are archaea

Question 3

Heterotrophic

Answer 3

Saprophitic
-enzyme on surface then absorb
-most are fungus

Holozoic
-take nutrient in then digest
-intracellular: single cell organism do this (amoeba) , exo + endocytosis to absorbs and digest and excrete
-extraceullar: most are multicellular organism - has own digestive system to digest food outside of cell then absorb

Question 4

Parasitic - endoparasite

Answer 4

obtain complex organic molecule from host and live on them but cause them harm

Primary host - where adult parasite live
Secondary host - where larvae develops
Vectors - secondary host that transfer parasite from one primary host to other

Endoparasite
-tapeworm
-animal eat waste with eggs
-larvae develops in tissue
-human eats larvae and develop adult in intestine to absorb nutrient

Adaptation
-scolex head to hook + suck on wall to resist perestalsis
-have mucus to resist from digestive enzyme
-hermaphrodite so no other partner to reproduce

Question 5

Parasite - ectoparasite

Answer 5

Lives on host
-head louse sucks blood from scalp

Adaptation
-strong claw to grip onto hair strand
-strong leg to jump from 1 host to other

Question 6

Hydra digestion system

Answer 6

Gastrovascular cavity for large scale digestion
-mechanical digestion via body contraction
-chemical digestion via enzyme

Large molecule absorbed via pinocytosis
Smaller via phagocytosis

Question 7

Human digestive system 1

Answer 7

Buccal cavity

In the buccal cavity, or mouth, a mixture of mechanical and chemical digestion takes place:

lips, tongue and teeth work together to:

grind and chew food into smaller pieces
mix the food with saliva to lubricate food
forms food into a bolus to make swallowing
easier.

Salivary gland has amylase (starch -> maltose)
-slightly acidic

Oesophagus move bolus to stomach via peristalsis
-epiglottis prevent food to lung
-via oesophageal sphincter

Question 8

Human digestive system 2

Answer 8

Stomach
-chemical digestion from enzyme
-mechanical digestion squeeze food + food out via pyloric sphincter

Chief cell: secrete pepsin protein -> polypeptide chain
Oxyntic cell: secrete hydrochloride acid -> break food down + right pH for pepsin
Goblet cell: mucus as pH buffer for lining

Question 9

Human digestive system 3

Answer 9

Small intestine
-contain duodenum (start) + Ileum (middle), jejunum (end)

Duodenum
-Brunners gland - secrete alkaline mucus = neutralise chyme
-pancreas - secrete pancreatic juice (maltase, exopeptidase, lipase)
-gall bladder emulsify fat (bile duct)

Ileum
-many inner folding with villi + micro villi
-absorb molecule + long

Question 10

Human digestive system 4

Answer 10

Large intestine
-first part is caecum, some animal have appendix next to it
-colon for water + ion absorption + faeces formation
-vitamins produce by micro organism absorbed

Rectum - store faeces
Anus - sphincter that opens to release faeces