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Biochemistry II > Nutrition & Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nutrition & Nucleotides Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Average daily intake to meet the needs of 50% of healthy individuals in a given life-stage and gender group is known as?

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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2
Q

Average daily intake to meet the needs of 97-8% of healthy individuals in a given life-stage and gender group is known as?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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3
Q

Used when scientific data for RDA is unavailable; Estimate of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people is known as?

A

Adequate Intake (AI)

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4
Q

Average daily intake to maintain energy balance is known as?

A

Estimated energy requirement (EER)

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5
Q

What is the energy content of Carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal/g

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6
Q

What is the energy content of Protein?

A

4 kcal/g

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7
Q

What is the energy content of Fat?

A

9 kcal/g

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8
Q

What is the energy content of Alcohol

A

7 kcal/g

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9
Q

This strongly influence the incidences of coronary heart disease

A

Dietary Fats

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10
Q

A high risk of CHD is related to?

A

An elevated total cholesterol or LDL

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11
Q

A decreased risk of CHD is related to?

A

An elevated HDL level

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12
Q

Saturated Fats have none of these…

A

no double bonds to hydrocarbon chains

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13
Q

Saturated Fats should be limited to what percentage of total caloric intake?

A
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14
Q

Monounsaturated Fats have how many double bonds?

A

One single double bond

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15
Q

Monounsaturated Fats should comprise what percentage of your fat intake?

A

50.0%

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16
Q

Monounsaturated Fats can positively effect the HDL/LDL ratio

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Polyunsaturated Fats are also known as

A

Omega-6 & Omega-3 Fatty Acids

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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids that have been artificially “saturated” are known as

A

Trans Fats

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19
Q

How much dietary cholesterol is recommended per day?

A
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20
Q

Dietary Carbohydrates are made up of what 3 types?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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21
Q

Two types of Monosaccharides are

A

Glucose & Fructose

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22
Q

High Fructose Corn Syrup is a type of what kind of dietary carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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23
Q

Three types of Disaccharides are

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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24
Q

Molasses and milk are examples of what kind of dietary carbohydrate?

A

Disaccharide

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25
Complex Carbohydrates are also known as
Polysaccharide
26
Wheat and vegetables are examples of what kind of dietary carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
27
What will lead to ketone body production once it is converted to glucose?
Amino Acids
28
What is considered a non-essential nutrient
Carbohydrates
29
Non-starch carbohydrates are also known as
Dietary fiber
30
What delays gastric emptying and increases satiety?
Dietary fiber
31
What reflects and adequate intake of 25-38 g/day for women and men respectively
Dietary fiber
32
What type of proteins contain 9 essential amino acids
Complete Protein
33
Proteins will provide carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis if what is low in the body?
Carbohydrate intake
34
What is metabolized for fatty acid synthesis when in excess?
Dietary Proteins
35
A person with protein deficiency suffering from loss of appetite and edema but retains his/her normal weight suffers from what?
Kwashiorkor
36
A person suffering with and overall deficiency and has significant weight loss paired with irritable mood and no signs of edema or loss of appetite suffers from what?
Marasmus
37
Fat soluble vitamins are store where?
Liver & Adipose tissue
38
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E & K
39
Deficiencies can occur quickly in these kind of soluble vitamins
Water soluble
40
Problems during pregnancy and spina bifida can occur with a deficiency of this vitamin...
Folic Acid
41
This vitamin is involved in the breakdown of amino and fatty acids. It also causes Pernicious anemia if malabsorbed
Cobalamin; Vitamin B12
42
This vitamin is a coenzyme for wound healing and maintaining connective tissue. It is an antioxidant, and deficiency in this vitamin can lead to scurvy
Ascorbic Acid; Vitamin C
43
This vitamin acts as a coenzyme in many reactions, and is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity
Pyridoxine; Vitamin B6
44
This vitamin is involved in energy metabolism
Thiamine; Vitamin B1
45
Beriberi is a severe deficiency syndrome that effects the PNS & Cardiovascular system related to this vitamin
Thiamine; Vitamin B1
46
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome related to alcoholism,dementia etc., is associated with a deficiency of this vitamin
Thiamine; Vitamin B1
47
Pellagra is an issue affecting the skin associated with a deficiency of this vitamin. This vitamin is also seen as an additive in enriched grains
Niacin
48
A key component of FAD, a deficiency in this vitamin can lead to dermatitis of the skin
Riboflavin
49
A coenzyme in glucose metabolism and widely available in food, this vitamin is produced in intestinal flora
Biotin
50
A component of CoA, this vitamin is found in eggs, liver and yeast
Pantothenic Acid
51
This vitamin is essential for vision, reproduction and growth. One of its main ingredients is B-Carotene and this vitamin is stored in the liver
Retinoids; Vitamin A
52
Sources of this vitamin are liver, cream, butter, egg yolks, yellow/orange and green vegetables and fruit
Retinoids; Vitamin A
53
This vitamin has a hormone like function that maintains adequate plasma levels of calcium and affects intestines, kidneys and bone
Vitamin D
54
This vitamin is activated by sunlight exposure and occurs in fatty fish, liver, and egg yolk
Vitamin D
55
Rickets a deficiency from this vitamin, causes demineralization and bone softening in children
Vitamin D
56
Osteomalacia a demineralization and bone softening deficiency that occurs in adults is caused by lack of this vitamin
Vitamin D
57
This vitamin is included in the synthesis of blood clotting proteins
Vitamin K
58
This vitamin comes from food sources such as cabbage kale spinach and egg yolk
Vitamin K
59
Deficiency of this vitamin is unusual except that it is seen in newborns. Toxicity can also cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in those newborns
Vitamin K
60
This vitamin contributes to antioxidant activity, and is found in vegetable oils, liver and eggs
Vitamin E
61
Nucleotides are composed of what 3 parts?
1 Pentose Monosaccharide, 1 Nitrogenous Base, 1 Phosphate Group
62
A nucleoside is created by what bond?
Glycosidic
63
A nucleoside is composed of what parts
Pentose Monosaccharide and Nitrogenous Base
64
What bonding site does the phosphate group attach to to form a nucleotide
Site '5 OH
65
Where are Purine nucleotides constructed?
The liver
66
What nucleotide begins with Ribose 5-phosphate from the PPP?
Purine
67
PRPP or 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate is known as
Activated Pentose
68
When activated pentose is in abundance what pathway does it use?
De Novo Synthesis
69
What activated pentose is deficient what pathway does it use?
Salvage pathway
70
What is the rate limiting step of Purine Synthesis?
PRPP to 5-phosphoribosylamine using pyrophosphate amino transferase
71
What does the rate limiting step of Purine Synthesis require?
ATP and Glutamine
72
What is the first compound formed with a purine ring?
IMP; Inosine monophosphate
73
What is the first compound formed with a adenosine ring?
ATP; Adenosine triphosphate
74
What is the first compound formed with a guanine ring?
GTP; Guanosine triphosphate
75
AMP or GMP will be formed by what compound
IMP; Inosine monophosphate
76
AMP synthesis utilizes what compound for energy?
GTP; Guanosine triphosphate
77
GMP synthesis utilizes what compound for energy?
ATP; Adenosine triphosphate
78
The salvage pathway is important in what part of the body?
The brain
79
The salvage pathway uses purines from where?
Turnover from cellular nucleic acids or the diet
80
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a x-linked recessive disorder from a deficiency of
HGPRT
81
LN syndrome leads to what accumulation and a lack of this
PRPP; IMP/GMP
82
Deoxyribonucleotides are produced from
Ribonucleoside diphosphates by ribonucleotide reductase
83
Allosteric regulation of deoxyribonucleotides are inhibited and activated by
dATP; ATP binding
84
Degradation of Purine nucleotides occur where
Small intestine
85
DNA and RNA are hydrolyzed by a series of what enzymes?
Pancreatic enzyme
86
This deficiency of Purine enzymes causes Hyperurecemia due to under excretion or overproduction or Uric acid
Gout
87
This deficiency of Purine enzymes causes adenosine accumulation that leads to dATP accumulation and inhibition or ribonucleotide reductase
ADA Definciency
88
In Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation CTP is produced from
UTPamination by CTP synthase
89
Thymidine nucleotides are synthesized from
dUDP
90
The de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway does not make this
TTP
91
dUMP produces
dTMP
92
Which enzymatic ring can be opened and degraded to highly soluble products?
Pyrimidine ring

Biochemistry II (2 decks)

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