Nutrition unit exam Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Polysaccharides are broken into two groups. What are they? Give examples from each group:
A
2
Q
Storage polysaccharides: Store energy (starch in plants
A
glycogen in animals)
3
Q
Structural polysaccharides: Provide support (cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in fungi and exoskeletons)
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4
Q
How many carbons do hexose and pentoses contain?
A
5
Q
Hexose: 6 carbons (glucose
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fructose)
6
Q
Pentose: 5 carbons (ribose
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deoxyribose)
7
Q
What is the glycemic index? What is the difference between high and low glycemic index foods?
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8
Q
Glycemic index measures how quickly carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels
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9
Q
High GI foods (70+) raise blood sugar quickly and cause a spike in insulin. (white bread
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sugary cereals)
10
Q
Low GI foods (55 and below) Raise blood sugar slowly and provide more sustained energy. (oats
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fruits)
11
Q
How does a person develop type 2 diabetes?
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12
Q
When the body becomes insulin resistant.
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13
Q
What are lipids? Why do we need them?
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14
Q
Lipids are a group of organic compounds that include fats
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oils
15
Q
What are lipids composed of?
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16
Q
They are primarily composed of Carbon
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Hydrogen and Oxygen.
17
Q
What are the three types of triglycerides? State whether they are solid
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semi-solid or liquid at room temperature and whether they are easy
18
Q
Saturated triglycerides: Saturated fatty acids (no double bonds) Solid at room temperature (ex: butter
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lard
19
Q
Monounsaturated triglycerides: Monounsaturated fatty acid (one double bond)
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Liquid at room temperature (olive oil
20
Q
Polyunsaturated triglycerides: Polyunsaturated fatty acid (two or more double bonds) liquid at room temperature (sunflower oil
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fish oil) Easy to digest.
21
Q
Why are fats important storage compounds?
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22
Q
They are efficient at storing energy. 1 gram=9 calories.
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23
Q
What are phospholipids? Where are they found?
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24
Q
Phospholipids make up the core structure of cell membranes. They are found in cell membranes (everywhere in your body)
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What are steroids? What are the types of steroids?
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A type of lipid with a different structure compared to fats and oils. Steroids have four fused carbon rings.
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Cholesterol: Important for cell membranes and hormone production.
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Hormonal steroids: Testosterone
estrogen
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What makes up wax and where can you find it?
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Waxes are made of long-chain fatty acids and alcohol. They are found in plants (leaf coatings)
animal fur and ear wax.
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What is cholesterol?
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Cholesterol is a lipid that is essential for cell membranes
hormone production
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Explain what “good fats” are
how they work in your body
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Good fats are unsaturated (monounsaturated
polyunsaturated)
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Explain what “bad fats” are
how they work in your body and what food provides them.
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Bad fats are saturated and trans fats
increase LDL and decrease HDL
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What do the good and bad fats do to the HDL and LDL levels in your body?
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Good fats
unsaturated rise HDL (good cholesterol) and lower LDL (bad cholesterol)
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What are the functions of proteins?
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1.Structural support (collagen
keratin)
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2.Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions)
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3.Transport (hemoglobin transports oxygen)
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4.Immune function (antibodies fight infection)
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When is protein used for energy by the body?
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When carbohydrate and fat stores are low
such as during starvation
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What are amino acids? Draw the basic structure of amino acids showing where each functional group can be found.
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has:
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Amino group (-NH2) H
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Carboxyl group: (-COOH) |
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R group: (side chain
varies between amino acids) H2N–C–COOH
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Central carbon and hydrogen |
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R (side chain)
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What are essential amino acids? Where can you get them?
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Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot synthesize on its own and must be obtained from food. These include
histidine
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How do amino acids join? What type of bond is formed when amino acids join?
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Amino acids join through a dehydration reaction
forming peptide bonds. This occurs when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another releasing water.
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Many amino acids often link together. What are they called?
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They are called polypeptide chains or proteins
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How many water molecules are removed for each peptide bond that is formed?
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One water molecule is removed for each peptide bond formed.
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What are the four classifications that proteins are grouped into? List the details of each group.
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~ Primary structure: A linear arrangement of a single polypeptide
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~Secondary structure: A single polypeptide that coils or folds into alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets
stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
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~Tertiary structure: The overall 3D shape of a protein
determined by interactions between side chains (R groups)
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~Quaternary structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a functional protein.
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What are the daily requirements of protein for both adult women (normal
pregnant and breastfeeding) and adult males?
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~Women: 46g per day (normal) pregnant 55g per day
breastfeeding 65g a day
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~Men: 57g per day
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The exact amount depends on body weight and activity level
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Explain what happens when individuals consume too much protein:
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Excess protein can lead to kidney
strain
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Explain what occurs when individuals consume too little protein:
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Can lead to muscle loss
weakened immune system
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Kwashiorkor: swelling due to fluid retention
liver damage.
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Marasmus: Severe muscle and fat loss
leading to frailty
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What are enzymes? Why are they important?
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Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. They are essential for digestion
metabolism
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How do enzymes work?
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Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. They bind to specific substrates at their active site which makes them transform into products.
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What are the factors that affect enzymatic reactions? Explain each:
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Temperature: enzymes work best at an optimum temperature; too high can denature them.
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pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range; deviations can reduce efficiency.
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Substrate concentration: Higher substrate levels increase reaction rates until saturation.
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Enzyme concentration: More enzymes can speed up reactions if substrates are available
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Inhibitors: Competitive inhibitors block active sites
while non-competitive inhibitors change enzyme shape.
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39. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion:
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Mechanical: The stomach churns food with contractions
the mouth breaks down the food to make a greater surface area so its easier for the enzymes to break it down.
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Chemical: Gastric juices break down proteins
using enzymes.
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40. Include the various enzymes and the substrates that they work on regarding the digestive system:
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Mouth (Salivary Glands): Enzyme: Salivary amylase (also called ptyalin) Substrate: Starch (polysaccharides) Product: Maltose (disaccharide)
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Stomach (Gastric Glands): Enzyme: Pepsin (activated from pepsinogen by HCl) Substrate: Proteins Product: Peptides Enzyme: Gastric lipase Substrate: Lipids (mainly triglycerides) Product: Fatty acids and monoglycerides
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Pancreas (Releases into Small Intestine: Enzyme: Pancreatic amylase Substrate: Starch Product: Maltose Enzyme: Trypsin (activated from trypsinogen) Substrate: Proteins and peptides Product: Smaller peptides and amino acids Enzyme: ChymotrypsNutrition
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Define Nutrition:
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The process of obtaining and utilizing food and nutrients to support growth
metabolism and overall health.
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What is an organic molecule?
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A molecule that contains carbon and is found in living organisms. It typically includes carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
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What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds?
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Inorganic: Do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (water
minerals
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Organic: Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds ( Carbohydrates
lipids
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What are polymers?
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Large molecules composed of repeating smaller units called monomers. Examples are proteins (made of amino acids)
carbohydrates (made of monosaccharides) and nucleic acids (made up of nucleotides).
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What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates
lipids
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Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (glucose
fructose)
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Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids
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Proteins: Amino acids
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Nucleic acids: Nucleotides
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What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
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Dehydration Synthesis: The process of joining two molecules together by removing water. This forms polymers.
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Hydrolysis: The process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.
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What do you get with glucose+glucose
glucose+fructose
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Glucose + Glucose= Maltose
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Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose
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Galactose + Glucose= Lactose
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This process is called dehydration synthesis (removal of water to form disaccharides)
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Why does your body need carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates provide the primary source of energy for the body
especially for the brain function and cellular processes.
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What are the differences between monosaccharides
polysaccharides and disaccharides?
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Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecules (glucose
fructose)
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Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (starch
glycogen)
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Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides bonded together (sucrose
lactose)
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in Substrate: Proteins Product: Peptides Enzyme: Carboxypeptidase Substrate: Peptides Product: Amino acids Enzyme: Pancreatic lipase Substrate: Triglycerides Product: Glycerol
fatty acids Enzyme: Nucleases (DNAse and RNAse) Substrate: DNA and RNA Product: Nucleotides.
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Small Intestine (Brush Border Enzymes) Enzyme: Maltase Substrate: Maltose Product: Glucose Enzyme: Lactase Substrate: Lactose Product: Glucose and galactose Enzyme: Sucrase Substrate: Sucrose Product: Glucose and fructose Enzyme: Aminopeptidase Substrate: Peptides Product: Amino acids Enzyme: Dipeptidase Substrate: Dipeptides Product: Amino acids Enzyme: Nucleotidase and nucleosidase Substrate: Nucleotides Product: Nitrogenous bases
sugars
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39. Explain the function of the kidneys:
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The kidneys remove wastes like creatinine
uric acid and urea from your body.
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40. Explain the function of the various parts of the kidney:
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Renal cortex: Outer part of the kidney
has the glomeruli and bowman’s capsules
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Renal medulla: Contains the loops of Henle and collecting ducts
concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and salts.
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Renal pelvis: Funnel shaped cavity that collects urine from all nephrons
Channels it into the ureter.
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Nephron:
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There are about a million nephrons in each kidney.
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Glomerulus
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• A ball of capillaries where filtration occurs.
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• Filters blood plasma into the nephron (except proteins and blood cells).
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b. Bowman’s Capsule
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• Surrounds the glomerulus.
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• Collects the filtrate from the blood.
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c. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
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• Reabsorbs water
glucose
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• Sends waste products further into the nephron.
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d. Loop of Henle
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• Descending limb: Reabsorbs water.
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• Ascending limb: Reabsorbs ions (Na+
Cl−) but not water.
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• Helps create a concentration gradient in the medulla (important for water retention).
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e. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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• Fine-tunes salt and pH balance.
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• Influenced by hormones like aldosterone (sodium reabsorption).
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f. Collecting Duct
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• Collects urine from many nephrons.
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• Final adjustment of water and salt.
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• Controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
which makes it more water-permeable.
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40. What is a calorie? How many should you be taking in? And why?
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A calorie is a unit of energy
calories are used for function
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Women: 1
800 a day
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Men: 2
200 a day
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Too little calories can cause muscle loss
fatigue
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41. Enzymes:
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Amylases: fungi and plants
used to make corn syrup.
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Proteases: lower the protein level of flour.
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Trypsin: to pre digest baby foods.
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Glucanases: used to split polysaccharides and proteins in the malt.
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Beta Glucanases and arabinoxylan cases: used to improve filtration characteristics in beer.
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Amyloglucosidase and pullulanases: used for low-calorie beers.
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Acetolacatedecarboxylase: Increases fermentation efficiency.
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Cellulases and pectinases: Clarify fruit juices.
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Rennin: Used to hydrolyze protein.
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Microbially: used in dairy products.
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Lipases: enhance the ripening of the blue-mould cheese.
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Lactases: break down lactose into glucose and galactose.
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Papain: Soften meats for cooking.
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Amyloglucosideases and glucoamylases: converts starch into glucose.
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Glucose isomerase: converts glucose into fructose for high fructose syrups.
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Xylanases and Ligninases: Used to soften paper and reduce bleach use
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Linginases: use of lignin waste
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Catalase: to generate oxygen from peroxide to convert latex into foam rubber
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Restriction enzymes
DNA ligase and polymerase: used in gene engineering to manipulate DNA
