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Nutrition > Nutrition - Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Nutrition - Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are vitamins

A

chemically unrelated comoounds that are found in minute quantities within food
essential to humans because we cannot make them

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2
Q

which vitamins are synthesised by humans

A

vitamin K, some B and vitamin D

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3
Q

where is vitamin D synthesised

A

in the skin when exposed to the sun

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4
Q

where is vitamin K synthesised, alongside some vitamin B

A

by gut flora

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5
Q

how do compounds demonstrate they are vitamins

A
  • deprivation of this compound leads to more or less specific clinical deficiency disease and abnormal metabolic signs
  • restoration of the missing compound prevents or cures the deficiency disease and normalises these metabolic abnormalities
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6
Q

what do vitamin deficienies lead to

A

multiple systematic complications that are linked to specific oral conditions

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7
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

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8
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

C
B
B6
B12
Niacin
thiamin
biotin
riboflavin
pantothenic acid
folate

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9
Q

describe fat soluble vitamin characteristics

A

found with fat in food
absorbed in lymph and transported attached to protein to be stored in liver or fatty tissues
excessive intake

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10
Q

describe water soluble vitamin characteristics

A

absorbed directly into the bloodstream, transported in free form, higher turnover in the body with little storage
prone to leaching from food and more senstive to heat
can be harmful in high doses

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11
Q

which vitamins are harmful in high doses

A

water soluble vitamins

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12
Q

what are the factors that affect the utilisation of vitamins

A

availability
antivitamins
provitamins
biosynthesis in the gut by bacterial flora
intestinal disease
interactions with nutrients

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13
Q

what is an example of an antivitamin and what it does

A

avidin
binds to biotin in raw eggs to prevent its absorption, but is released on cooking

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14
Q

example of provitamins

A

carotenes which are converted to vitamin A

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15
Q

when is vitamin E requirement high

A

when we have a high PUFA intake

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16
Q

what are essential minerals

A

inorganic elements
15-16
requirement of the minerals depends on their physiological function in the body

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17
Q

what are the major minerals

A

iron
calcium
zinc
magnesium
sodium
chloride
potassium
phosphorus

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18
Q

what are the trace elements

A

selenium
iodine
fluoride
manganese
copper
cobalt
chromium
molybdenum

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19
Q

what are the main functions of essential minerals

A

constituents of bones and teeth
formation of soluble salts which help control composition of body fluids
essential components of many enzymes and other proteins, necessary for release and utilisation of energy

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20
Q

which minerals are constituents of bones and teeth

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium

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21
Q

which minerals form soluble salts to help composition of body fluids

A

sodium
potassium
chlorine

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22
Q

which minerals are essential components of many enzymes and other proteins, and are necessary for release and utilisation of energy

A

iron and zinc

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23
Q

how many mineral deficienies are prevalent in human populations

A

four

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24
Q

when do zinx and iodine deficiencies occur

A

in some population groups under specifically defined conditions

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25
Q

describe vitamin A

A

found as preformed vit A and provit A
functions in regulating gene expression, red blood cell production, cell differentiations, antioxidant, immunity and tooth and oral epithelial development

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26
Q

where is preformed vitamin A found

A

liver
fatty fish
eggs
dairy

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27
Q

which compounds have vitamin A in them

A

retinol
retinaldehyde
retinoic acid

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28
Q

where is provit A found

A

dark green leafy vegetables
orange and yellow F&V

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29
Q

what is the most potent source of vitamin A

A

beta carotene

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30
Q

which plant pigments have vitamin A in them

A

orange and yellow

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31
Q

how many caretenoids have vitamin A activity

A

50

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32
Q

vitamin A is found in animal and plant products. what is the source for each of these categories?

A

retinyl esters in animals
beta carotene in plants

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33
Q

describe the effect of vit A deficiency on teeth

A

lower intake of vitamin A has been associated with decreased oral epithelial tissue development, impaired tooth formation, enamel hypoplasia and the presence of periodontitis

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34
Q

describe the impact of vit A deficiency on increased susceptibility to infection

A

there is a decreased production of mucopolysaccharides and mucous, and an increase in tissue keratinisation
decreased anti bactieral action of macrophages
decreased production of lysozyme
lymphocyte and antibody action also affected

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35
Q

describe the impact of vit A deficiency on growth and development

A

impaired embryological development and possible malformations
impaired gene expression and cell differentiations which can possibly be linked with cancer
impaired bone growth
infertility in males and low rates of conception in females

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36
Q

describe vit A toxicity

A

caused if there is more than 200mg in adults
causes vomiting, headaches, blurred vision, vertigo, shedding skin, uncoordinated muscle movements

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37
Q

describe the chronic effects of vit A toxicity

A

bone and muscle pain, headaches, alopecia, liver toxicity and poor muscle coordination

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38
Q

descirbe the teratogenic effects of vit A toxicity

A

adverse impacts of the development of the foetus, including CNS, heart and kidney development.
causes spontaneous abortions

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39
Q

what is the maximum vitamin A intake for pregnant women

A

3mg per day

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40
Q

describe B vitamins

A

a group of compounds with dissimilar properties that maximise their function when taken together, and are involved in cell metabolic activities like in many important enzyme systems

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41
Q

what are the three main roles of B vitamins

A

release energy from carbohydrates and fats
catalyse the formation of red blood cells
protein and amino acid metabolism

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42
Q

which B vitamins release energy from carbohydrates and fats

A

thiamin
niacin
riboflavins
pantothenic acid
biotin

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43
Q

which B vitamins catalyse the formation of red blood cells

A

folic acid vitamin B12

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44
Q

which B vitamins aid in protein and amino acid metabolism

A

vitamin B6

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45
Q

what are the food sources of thiamin

A

cereals, meats legumes, and yeast

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46
Q

what are the symptoms of intakes of thiamin

A

headache irritability, insomnia, rapid pulse dermatitis and death

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47
Q

how much thiamin per day is toxic

A

3g

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48
Q

which disorders are caused by thiamin deficiency

A

beri beri
wernicke encelophathy

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49
Q

what destroys thiamin

A

cooking at neutral or alkali pH

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50
Q

why do we need thiamin

A

needed for the production of ribose
needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
may be related to the transmission of neural impulses

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51
Q

what is riboflavin

A

water soluble, heat stable, fluorescent, contains a ribitol side chain
light sensitive

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52
Q

what are the food sources of riboflavin

A

milk
cheese
liver
eggs
offal
leafy green veg

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53
Q

what is riboflavin essential for

A

metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates and proteins
needed for flavo proteins

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54
Q

when can riboflavin deficiency occur

A

it is rare but can occur in elderly people or alcoholics

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55
Q

what are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency

A

lips, corner of the mouth and tongue

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56
Q

what are the disorders caused by riboflavin deficiency

A

cheilosis lesions
angular stomatitis
fissured and magenta colorisation of the tongue

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57
Q

can there be riboflavin toxicity

A

no

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58
Q

what are the food sources of niacin

A

liver
yeast
meat legumes
peanuts
cereals

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59
Q

what compounds are related to niacin

A

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

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60
Q

what is caused by niacin deficiency

A

pellagra - disorder characterisid by dementia, dermatitis and diarrhoea.

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61
Q

what are the symptoms of niacin deficiency

A

glossitis, stomatitis, rash around the nose, angular stomatitis and cheilosis

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62
Q

what is the toxic dose of niacin

A

3-6g a day

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63
Q

what does niacin toxicity cause

A

liver failure and peptic ulcers

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64
Q

what is niacin needed for

A

NAD/NADP
essential for metabolism both catabolic and synthetic

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65
Q

what is pantothenic acid

A

this compound has two forms; coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein

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66
Q

what is pantothenic acid needed for

A

acetyl coA in krebs cycle; therefore essential for all metabolism

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67
Q

what are the food sources of pantothenic acid

A

mushrooms, legumes, eggs, avocados, milk, eggs, organ meats, peanuts, whole grain cereals and yeast

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68
Q

what are the organ meats

A

liver
kidney
heart

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69
Q

what are the sources of B6 pyridoxine

A

all foods
synthesised by colonic bacteria

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70
Q

what is the function of B6 pyridoxine

A

co factor in many enzymes for protein and amino acid metabolism

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71
Q

what are the symptoms of B6 pyridoxine

A

recurrent mouth ulcers, halitosis, severe gingivitis, soreness, discoloration of the tongue, and cheilitis

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72
Q

what can high intake of B6 cause

A

sensory neuropathy

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73
Q

what is biotin needed for

A

lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and catabolism of branched chain amino acids

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74
Q

what is folate

A

tetrahydrofolic acid
co enzyme for purine and pyrimidine synthesis
essential for protein synthesis from serine and glycine
essential for the formation of red blood cells

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75
Q

what can folate lead to in pregnancy

A

decreased risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy

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76
Q

what are the symptoms of folate deficiency

A

megaloblastic anaemia - abnormal multilobed neutrophil nuclei giant platelets

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77
Q

what are the food sources of folate

A

leafy green vegetables
liver
yeast

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78
Q

what are the active forms of vitamin B12

A

porphyrin ring with a central cobalt atom which can reach monovalent, divalent and trivalent oxidation states

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79
Q

what are the food sources of vitamin B12

A

meat
fish
dairy products
canned meat and fish
egg whites
cheese

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80
Q

what can vitamin B deficieny lead to

A

iron deficieny and anaemia
megaloblastic anaemia
associaed with glossitis, atrophy of the lingual papillae, burning and redness of the tongue, angular stomatitis, dysphagia, pallor of the oral tissues

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81
Q

what is vitamin C

A

L-ascorbic acid
white, odorless, stable solid
synthesised in plants from D glucose and D galactose, but cannot be synthesised by humans

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82
Q

which animals cannot synthesis vitamin C

A

humans
primates
guinae pigs
fruit eating bats
certain birds
many fish

83
Q

what enzyme do humans lack that makes vitamin C synthesis impossible

A

L-gluconolactone oxidase

84
Q

what is the best known function of vitamin C

A

antioxidant

85
Q

what are the roles of the vitamin C

A

antioxidant
regeneration of vitamin E
collagen synthesis
synthesis of noradrenaline from dopamine
synthesis of carnitine from lysine
synthesis of various peptide hormones and hormone releasing factors
synthesis of bile acid

86
Q

what does labile mean

A

easily oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid

87
Q

how much vitamin C content can be lose by leafy vegetables and legumes following 24hrs from harvest

A

50%

88
Q

what happens to vitamin C content in plants that are chopped or juiced

A

vitamin C is oxidised and the membranes are disrupted

89
Q

in which environment is vitamin C the most stable

A

acidic environments

90
Q

what is caused by vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy, characterised by connective tissue defects
failure of wounds to heal
bleeding from gums
pain and weakness in legs and ankles
failure of proper cartilage and bone formation
bleeding from capillaries

91
Q

what is caused by high intake of vitamin C

A

prevention of the common cold
diarrhoea
stones in the urinary tract
excessive absorption of iron

92
Q

which factors affect vitamin D synthesis

A

quantity and quality of UV irradiation
latitude
amount of exposure of sun
amount of skin exposed

93
Q

what are the functions of vitamin D

A

promotion of intestinal calcium absorption
repair and formation of bone
cell differentiation
immunity
promotes cell maturation in the smal intestine
insulin secretion
blood pressure regulation

94
Q

what is the minimum recommended intake of vitamin D per day

A

10 micrograms

95
Q

what are the food sources of vitamin D

A

fatty fish, eggs and liver
fortified foods like margarine

96
Q

what does vitamin D deficiency lead to

A

rickets in children
hypolasia of teeth
osteomalacia

97
Q

what does rickets look like

A

bowed legs due to malformation of bones form lack of mineralisation

98
Q

why does vitamin D deficiency lead to hypoplasia of teeth

A

lack of enamel calcification

99
Q

what are the symptoms of osteomalacia

A

softening of bones
pain in the pelvis, ribs and shoulders
waddling gate

100
Q

which vitamin is the most toxic

A

vitamin D

101
Q

why does excessive exposure to sunlight not lead to vitamin D toxicity

A

7 dehydrocholesterole will be broken down by the excessive UV light

102
Q

what can excessive oral intake of vitamin D cause

A

hypercalacemia (raised plasma calcium)

103
Q

what are the symptoms of hypercalacemia

A

diarrhoea
thirst
anorexia
calcification of soft tissue
urinary stones

104
Q

how many naturally occuring forms of vitamin E are there

A

8
4 tocopherols
4 tocotrienols

105
Q

which form of vitamin D has a saturated carbon chain

A

tocopherols

106
Q

what is the biological activity of vitamin E

A

abundance and biological activity of each of its forms varies, however its most potent form is alpha tocopherol

107
Q

which forms of vitamin E is most potent

A

alpha tocopherol

108
Q

what makes up the bulk of vitamin E in plant foods

A

tocopherols

109
Q

what is the function of vitamin E

A

powerful antioxidant, essential for protecting cell components like fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and DNA from oxidation by free radicals

110
Q

describe how vitamin E works

A

quenches free radicals and becomes oxidised, and is then regenerated by other antioxidants like vitamin C

111
Q

what is the primary location of vitamin E and why

A

lipid bilayer because it is lipid soluble

112
Q

what can vitamin E prevent

A

lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

113
Q

what does vitamin E deficiency lead to in premature infants

A

haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytosis

114
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia

A

red blood cells rupture and the infant becomes anaemic

115
Q

what is thrombocytosis

A

an increase in the number of platelets in the blood

116
Q

what can happen to those who are unable to absorb vitamin E

A

may develop neurological syndrome involving central and peripheral nervous system, retina, and skeletal muscle
can have irregular movements due to defective muscular control, deposition of yellow, white pigments in the retina

117
Q

what is vitamin K

A

2-methyl 1-4 nathoquinone

118
Q

what are the food sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy vegetables
also formed by bacteria in the gut

119
Q

what is the function of vitamin K

A

catalyses the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver

120
Q

what happens if there is no vitamin K

A

blood will not clot

121
Q

what are the foods with high amounts of vitamin K

A

vegetable oils
especially wheat germ oil, nuts and seeds
fruits and vegetables
animal products
fortified foods like cereals

122
Q

what is the average intake of vitamin K in men

A

10.6 mg a day

123
Q

what is the average intake of vitamin K in women

A

8.1 mg a day

124
Q

what is DRV

A

dietary reference value

125
Q

why is there no referance value for vitamin E

A

the requirement for it depends on the body’s PUFA content which depends on diet

126
Q

what are PUFAs

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

127
Q

what are the main roles of calcium

A

bone health

128
Q

what supplies peak bone mass

A

reached byage 30
influenced by genetic factors
increased by calcium and vitamin D consumption and regular activity

129
Q

what are the food sources of calcium

A

water
milk
milk products
cereals
roots and tubers
bread
bones from tinned sardines
eggs
pulses
broccoli
parsley

130
Q

what is the dietary reference value for calcium

A

700 mg a day

131
Q

how much of dietary calcium is absorbed

A

10-30%

132
Q

what does absorption of calcium lead to

A

a decrease in vitamin D deficiency and an increased in lactose and casein peptides

133
Q

what is calcium deficiency associated with

A

severe malnutrition, osteoporosis and rickets

134
Q

at what age is peak bone mass reached

A

30-35

135
Q

what can increase bone mass

A

ensuring the diet contains calcium and vitamin D
regular exercise

136
Q

why is iron metabolism important

A

it is a component of haemoglobin
aids in ATP production
has a role in enzyme reactions
provides small oxygen reserves in muscle
defends against infection in breast fed babies

137
Q

what can decreased iron absorption in food

A

addition of spices and tea can reduce it by 50%

138
Q

describe haem iron

A

enhanced by the presence of meat, and inhibited by processing of calcium

139
Q

what influences non haem iron absorption

A

amount of non haem present, iron status and requirements

140
Q

what enhances non haem iron

A

ascorbic acid
meat
fish
seafood

141
Q

what inhibits non haem iron

A

phytates
phenolics
calcium

142
Q

how much iron is absorbed from a mixed diet

A

15%

143
Q

what is the reference value for iron

A

8.7 mg a day for men
14.8m mg a day for women under 50

144
Q

what are the sources of haem iron

A

animal foods like meat

145
Q

what are the sources of non haem iron

A

cereals
pulses
vegetables
fruits
eggs
dairy products

146
Q

what is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world

A

iron deficiency anaemia

147
Q

what is the IDA cut off value

A

less than 20 micrograms a litre in men and less than 15 in women

148
Q

high iron intake is not a problem for healthy people. what is the exception to this

A

haemochromatosis

149
Q

what is the lethal iron content for adults

A

100g

150
Q

is zinc produced in the body

A

no

151
Q

what are zinc enzymes required for

A
  • synthesis of DNA and RNA, and therefore essential for synthesis of protein and lean tissues
  • antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase
  • structural role in proteins like zinc finger motif in proteins
  • expression of multiple genes
  • immune function
152
Q

what are the richest dietary sources of zinc

A

oysters, meat, liver and wheatflour

153
Q

what decreases the bioavailability of zinc

A

certain disease stakes
replete zinc status
high zinc intake
phytates
certain metals

154
Q

what increases the bioavailability of zinc

A

depleted zinc status
low zinc intake
certain organic acids and amino acids
human milk

155
Q

what can severe zinc deficiency lead to

A

growth retardation
sexual and skeletal immaturity
neuropsychiatric disturbances
dermatitis
alopecia
diarrhoea
increased susceptibiilty to infections
appetite loss

156
Q

what does zinc supplementation do

A

stimulate growth and development in infants and young children
decreased diarrhoea and respiratory infections in children

157
Q

what is low serum zinc in pregnancy associated with

A

low birth weight, pre term delivery

158
Q

what is the majority of dietary sodium in the form of

A

salt

159
Q

how is sodium and chloride intake expressed as

A

mmol or mg

160
Q

what is 1mmol of sodium in mg

A

23

161
Q

what is 1mmol of chloride in mg

A

35.5

162
Q

how many grams of salt for one gram of sodium

A

2.54

163
Q

what is the function of sodium

A

maintain the volume of extracellular fluid
maintain acid base balance
essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission
allow the energy dependent uptake of nutrients

164
Q

how much ATP is used at rest to maintain cellular sodium potassium gradients

A

a third

165
Q

how much body sodium is stored on the surface of bone

A

30-40%

166
Q

how many grams of salt should we consume a day (reference nutrient intake)

A

4g

167
Q

what is the average intake of salt in the UK

A

8g

168
Q

what does too much salt intake lead to

A

high blood pressure
main cause of strokes and heart disease

169
Q

what does most salt come from

A

processed foods

170
Q

what causes salt deficiency

A

excessive sweating can deplete slat

171
Q

impacts of too much salt on the body

A

increased calcium exertion and bone health
may directly stress a weakened heart and aggravate kidney problems
raises the blood pressure and cause hypertension which is linked to coronary artery disease

172
Q

what is fluoride

A

the ionic form of fluorine, a halogen

173
Q

how is fluoride distributed

A

through extracellular fluid

174
Q

how fast is fluoride absorbed

A

rapidly
50% absorbed after 30 minutes

175
Q

what does fluoride bind to in blood and tissues

A

albumin

176
Q

what reduces the absorption of fluoride

A

calcium

177
Q

how is fluoride excreted

A

through the kidneys

178
Q

is fluoride essential

A

no

179
Q

what does fluoride form

A

calcium fluorapatite in teeth and bones

180
Q

what does a deficiency in fluoride lead to

A

increased risk of dental caries

181
Q

does fluoride have a high concentratio in foods

A

no

182
Q

what is the requirement of vitamin A

A

700 microgram for men and 600 for women

183
Q

what is the reference intake for vitamin B1

A

0.4mg per 1000 calories

184
Q

what is the reference intake for vitamin B2

A

1.1mg a da

185
Q

what is the reference intake for vitamin B3

A

6.6mg per 1000 calories

186
Q

what is the reference intake for vitamin B6

A

15 micrograms per gram of protein

187
Q

what is the reference intake of folate

A

200 micrograms a day

188
Q

what is the reference intake of vitamin C

A

40mg a day

189
Q

what is the reference intake of vitamin C a day for smokers

A

80mg

190
Q

what is the function of vitamin A retinol

A

visual pigment sin the retinal and cell differentiations

191
Q

what does beta carotene do

A

antioxidant

192
Q

what vitamin is calciferol associated with

A

D

193
Q

what vitamin is phylloquinone associated with

A

K

194
Q

which vitamin functions in maintaining calcium balance, enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium and mobilisation of bone minerals

A

D

195
Q

which vitamin causes night blindless when lacking

A

A

196
Q

what is wernicke-korsakoff

A

systemic lesions

197
Q

which vitamin causes degeneration of the spinal cord when lacking

A

B12

198
Q

B1 toxicity

A

headache
irritability
insomnia
rapid pulse dermatitis
death

199
Q

B3 toxicity

A

liver failure and toxic ulcers

200
Q

B6 toxicity

A

sensory neuropathy

201
Q

pantothenic acid toxicity

A

diarrhoea

202
Q

C toxicity

A

calcium oxalate stones in the urinary tract

203
Q

D toxicity

A

hypercalcemia
thirst
urinary stones
calcification of soft tissue

Nutrition (4 decks)

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