Nutrition Week 3

Question 1

chemicals needed for conversion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy

Answer 1

Vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 2

Nutrients the body cannot make, or produce in sufficient quantity

Answer 2

essential nutrients

Question 3

chains of linked glucose units

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

The liver and muscles store glucose as

Answer 4

glycogen

Question 5

a hormone produced by pancreas

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

Activates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 6

Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM)

Question 7

language of nervous system

Answer 7

neurotransmitters

Question 8

system of vessels transporting lymph fluid throughout body

Answer 8

Lymphatic System

Question 9

Where are phagocytes and lymphocytes (develop in bone marrow) contained?

Answer 9

lymph fluid

Question 10

located just above heart; develops T cell lymphocytes

Answer 10

Thymus gland

Question 11

cells that engulf/consume invaders

Answer 11

Phagocytes

Question 12

proteins secreted by infected cells that limit the harmful effects of viruses

Answer 12

Interferons

Question 13

aka cytokines – chemical messengers of the immune cells

Answer 13

Immune Modulators

Question 14

specialized WBCs, concentrate in lymph; store in white pulp of spleen

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

Question 15

mature in thymus; transported throughout the body; facilitate cell-mediated immunity

Answer 15

T cells

Question 16

produce defensive proteins called antibodies; facilitate antibody-mediated immunity. Antibodies circulate in blood & lymph. These are immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM); specific to antigen(s)

Answer 16

B cells

Question 17

defense proteins

Answer 17

antibodies

Question 18

engulf and partially digest pathogens, retaining the nonself-antigens that alert T cells to destroy.

Answer 18

Macrophages

Question 19

phagocytes engulf/partially digest pathogens; then T cells destroy both the phagocyte and pathogen. Macrophages engulf and partially digest, retaining the nonself-antigens that alert T cells to destroy.

Answer 19

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 20

lymphocytes produce antibodies that travel to target and neutralize specific pathogen

Answer 20

Antibody-mediated immunity

Question 21

memory cells; helps recall invaders previously encountered; triggers special memory cells; result of actively acquired immunity, i.e. natural infection or vaccination.

Answer 21

Anamnestic response

Question 22

aka killer T cells – first to recognize that other body cells are infected.

Answer 22

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 23

lower the reaction threshold of target neurons

Answer 23

neuropeptides

Question 24

Signals endocrine system to release hormones

Answer 24

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis (HPA)

Question 25

connects the emotional and visceral responses. Invokes fight/flight response to danger/stress

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone to adrenal cortex

Answer 26

Pituitary Gland

Question 27

Releases cortisol. Mobilizes energy stores for immediate energy needs.

Answer 27

Adrenal cortex

Question 28

Activated lymphocytes produce these substances recognized by the central nervous system

Answer 28

interleukins and interferons