nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents

Question 1

why is nutrition important in children?

Answer 1

• essential nutrients to replace losses and to grow new tissues
• energy is needed to permit metabolic functions
• needed for maintenance, growth and development
• needed to develop immunity

Question 2

should infants be considered as small adults?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what occurs to babies weight in first 5-6 months?

Answer 3

doubles

Question 4

what occurs to weight in the first year of babies life?

Answer 4

it trebles

Question 5

what leads infants growth?

Answer 5

nutrition

Question 6

what leads a childs growth?

Answer 6

growth hormone

Question 7

what leads a pubertal pre teen/teens growth?

Answer 7

sex steroid

Question 8

what is the Estimated average requirement (EAR)?

Answer 8

• an estimate of the mean requirement of energy or a nutrient
• 50% of population will need more and 50% will need less

Question 9

what is RNI (reference nutrient intake)?

Answer 9

-the amount of a nutrient that will be adequate for 97.5% of population

Question 10

what is LRNI?

Answer 10

-the nutrient requirement that is sufficient for the 2.5% of population with lowest needs

Question 11

what is malnutrition?

Answer 11

-deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in individuals’ intake or energy and/or nutrients

Question 12

what is wasting?

Answer 12

• low weight for height

- usually caused by a short term malnutrition

Question 13

what is stunting?

Answer 13

• low height for age

- usually caused by long term poor nutrition

Question 14

what is underweight?

Answer 14

• low weight for age

- may be stunted, wasted or both

Question 15

what is the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for protein per day in infants aged 4-18 months?

Answer 15

12.7-14.5g

Question 16

how much salt is recommended for infants 0-12months per day?

Answer 16

<400mg (1g)

Question 17

how much salt is recommended for infants 1-3 years per day?

Answer 17

<800mg (2g)

Question 18

what is calcium used for?

Answer 18

• teeth and bone mineralization
• nerve impulse transmission
• wound healing
• muscle contraction
• cellular metabolism

Question 19

Tru or False

Breast feeding is not recommended

Answer 19

false- breast feeding is recommended for the first six months of an infant’s life

Question 20

at what age should a child start accepting solid foods?

Answer 20

age of 6 months

-this is necessary as breast milk, infant formula will not meet nutritional needs

Question 21

what should a baby drink at 6 months?

Answer 21

• breast mill, infant formula and water should be the only drinks offered after 6 months
• no unmodified cow’s milk to be given as main drink under 12 months

Question 22

when can babies have full fat cows milk?

Answer 22

-it can be used in cooking from 6-9 months

Question 23

when can a baby be given semi-skimmed milk?

Answer 23

2 years

Question 24

when can a baby be given skimmed milk?

Answer 24

5 years old

Question 25

what food is recommended as first foods when baby is wheening?

Answer 25

-vegetables, baby rice mixed with milk and fruit

Question 26

how should foods that may cause allergies be introduced?

Answer 26

- one at a time | e. g. cereaks with gluten, eggs, nuts, soya, fish, other milk

Question 27

when should iron rich foods such as red meat, fish and pulses be introduced?

Answer 27

around 6 months

Question 28

when can whole nuts and seeds be eaten?

Answer 28

5 years

Question 29

how often should a baby from 6-8 months be eating?

Answer 29

2-3 times a day

Question 30

how often should a baby from 9-11 months and 12-14 months be eating?

Answer 30

``` 9-11months= 3-4 times 12-14months= 3-4 times plus nutritious snacks ```

Question 31

what are some indications that a child is ready to start solid feeding?

Answer 31

- sitting position with some/no support and can control its head - can pick up things accurately - can swallow food - these signs usually do not begin together before 6 months (this is why complementary feeding is not ready until then)

Question 31

what are some indications that a chi

Answer 31

- sitting position with some/no support and can control its head - can pick up things accurately - can swallow food - these signs usually do not begin together before 6 months (this is why complementary feeding is not ready until then)

Question 32

what is associated with early introduction of solid food?

Answer 32

- living in a deprived area - opinion of the infant's maternal grandmother - personal disagreement with advice to wait until baby was 4 months - lack of encouragement from friends to wait until baby was 4 months - being in receipt of free samples of manufactures baby food - maternal smoking - obesity - formula feeding

Question 33

what are the health benefits of breast feeding for first 6 months of life?

Answer 33

- improves immune system (fewer infections, less likely to go to hospital) - lowers risk of SIDS (sudden infants death syndrome) - lowers childhood obesity - greater likelihood of higher IQ - lowers risk of CVD, T2DM and hypertension

Question 34

factors associated with a child being overweight or obese?

Answer 34

- mother overweight - frequent snacking on crispis/sweets - skipping breakfast - not eating main meal at dining area - low parental supervision - mother has long term health condition - no 'child-friendly' neighbourhood

Question 34

factors associated with a child being overweight or obese?

Answer 34

- mother overweight - frequent snacking on crispis/sweets - skipping breakfast - not eating main meal at dining area - low parental supervision - mother has long term health condition - no 'child-friendly' neighbourhood

Question 35

what are some public interventions to help with nutrition/health?

Answer 35

- best start (welfare food scheme) - child smile (dental programme) - child healthy weight - physical activity programme - community food and health programme