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Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 > Nutritional pharmacology > Flashcards

Nutritional pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mode of action for anti motility drugs?

A

inhibits opoid receptors which reduces peristalsis and increases water reabsorption

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2
Q

What are 2 side effects of anti motility drugs?

A

dehydration, nausea, constipation, diarrhoea

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3
Q

What indication is anti-motility drugs for?

A

acute adult diarrhoea

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4
Q

What is the mode of action for Ca-D-Glucarate?

A

Beta-glucaronidase is inhibits. It normally splits the oestrogen-glucuronide bond which reduces oestrogen

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5
Q

What is the interaction for Ca-D-glucarate?

A

Reduces oestrogen

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6
Q

What indication is Ca-D-glucarate?

A

Hormone related cancers

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7
Q

What is the mode of action for NSAIDs?

A

inhibit enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved with metabolism of arachadonic acid to inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

What is the indication for NSAIDs?

A

inflammation/pain relief

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9
Q

What are the side effects of NSAIDs?

A

dyspepsia, liver damage, ulcers, allergies

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10
Q

What are the interactions of NSAIDs?

A

Gingko because NSAIDs reduce platelet aggregation and the same properties so it is an additive effect

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11
Q

What is the mode of action for anti-depressants?

A

Inhibit reuptake of serotonin from synaptic cleft by SSRIs binding at 5-HT reuptake transporter causing accumulation of 5-HT (a precursor to serotonin)

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12
Q

What are the 3 side effects of anti-depressants?

A

Anxiety, insomnia, GIT problems

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13
Q

What are the interactions of anti-depressants?

A

5-HTP – additive effect as 5-HTP is a precursor to serotonin and st.john wort – additive effect

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14
Q

What is the mode of action of Benzodiazepines?

A

Bind to GABA causes an increase in GABA A receptor activity which relaxes muscles

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15
Q

What are the indications for Benzodiazepines?

A

Muscle relaxant, insomnia, minimizes drug withdrawal

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16
Q

What are the 2 side effects of Benzodiazepines?

A

Drowsiness, muscle weakness

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17
Q

What is the 3 mode of action for Parkinson disease drugs?

A

Dopamine pre-cursors (L-dopa) is release, agonist of dopamine or inhibits breakdown of dopamine (either MAOB inhibitors or COMT inhibitors)

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18
Q

What is the interaction for parkinson’s disease drugs?

A

B6 will enhance the effects of these drugs because B6 is necessary to convert levodopa to dopamine. B6 is used by the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

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19
Q

What is the mode of action for decongestants?

A

Epherdrine constricts nasal blood vessels limiting oedema and nasal secretions

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20
Q

What indication is for decongestants?

A

Nasal congestion

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21
Q

What are 2 side effects of decongestants?

A

Local irritation, headache

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22
Q

What substance can cause adverse side effects such as hypertension with decongestants?

A

caffeine

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23
Q

What is the mode of action for anti-histamines?

A

Antagonizing H1 histamine receptor

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24
Q

What 3 diseases do people take anti-histamines for?

A

Allergies, hay fever, pruritis

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25
What are 2 side effects of anti-histamines?
Muscle pain, drowsiness, arrhythmias(rare) | Drowsiness, dry mouth (with drowsy anti-histamines)
26
What interaction is there for anti-histamines?
Quercetin – work similarly and enhance drug effects
27
What are the 2 modes of action for mast cell stabilizers?
Stabilizes mast cell membranes and prevents histamine release
28
What are mast cell stabilizers used for? (2)
Hayfever and allergies
29
What are 2 side effects of mast cell stabilizers?
Throat irritation, cough, nausea
30
What is the mode of action for corticosteroids when taken for asthma?
Depresses inflammation in bronchial mucosa
31
What are some side effects (3) for corticosteroids?
Cushings syndrome, immune system suppressed, candidiasis, adrenal suppression
32
What food interacts with corticosteroids?
Liquorice – can potentiate duration of corticosteroids
33
What is the mode of action for statins?
Inhibit HMG reductase – enzymes involved with cholesterol synthesis
34
What are some (2) side effects of statins?
GIT probs, fatigue, headaches
35
What nutrient causes interaction with statins?
Red yeast competes with HMG-CoA reductase and increase lowering blood cholesterol
36
What is the mode of action for anti-coagulants?
Block vitamin k
37
What 2 conditions do anti-coagulants treat?
DV thrombosis, pulmonary embolism
38
What is the main side effect of anti-coagulants?
haemorrhage
39
What is the main nutrient, which causes interactions with anti-coagulants
Vitamin E inhibits platelet aggregation and interferes with vit K production causing an additive effect.
40
What is the mode of action for nitrates?
Nitrates decomposes to nitric oxide which is a vasodilator
41
What 2 conditions do nitrates treat?
Angina, left ventricular failures
42
What are 2 side effects of nitrates?
Hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness
43
What interact is involved with nitrates?
L-arginine converts to NO by NOS (nitric oxide synthase – enzyme) and enhances effects of nitrates
44
Alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers – What is the mode of action?
Block adrenaline receptors which normally causes vasoconstriction but blocking it causes vasodilation.
45
What condition does alpha-adrenoreceptor blocks treat?
Resistant hypertension, BPH
46
What are 3 side effects of alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers?
Hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness, GIT problems
47
What nutrient enhances the effects of alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers?
CoQ10 can enhance arterial relaxation so it will enhance the drugs effects
48
What is the mode of action for Ca channel blockers?
Blocks influx of Ca to heart and vascular muscle
49
What diseases (2) does Ca channel blockers treat?
Angina and hypertension
50
What is the main caution needed to be considered with Ca-channel blockers?
Withdrawal needs to be slowly done to prevent liver/kidney impairment
51
What is the mode of action for angiotensin II antagonist?
Block action of angiotensin II at angiotensin receptor which stops vasoconstriction
52
What indications (2) uses angiotensin II antagonist?
Heart failure and hypertension
53
What are 2 side effects of angiotensin II antagonist?
Hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, renal impairment
54
What is the mode of action for beta blockers?
Beta blockers block noradrenaline (normally causes narrow arteries and heart beats faster) but beta blockers causes arteries to widen, slows heart and decreases force of contraction
55
What 4 conditions/diseases uses beta blockers?
Angina, hypertension, heart attack, diabetes
56
What are 2 side effects of beta blockers?
GIT probs, hypotension, shortness of breath
57
What is the mode of action for diuretics?
Increase water reuptake of primary filtrate from the loop of henle which decreases blood vol and pressure
58
What 2 conditions use diuretics?
Hypertension, heart failure, oedema
59
What are 2 side effects of diuretics?
Hypotension, GIT probs, diabetes, gout
60
Explain how calcium interacts with thiazide diuretics.
Causes milk-alkali syndrome which causes renal failure because thiazide reduce Ca excretion
61
What is the mode of action for cardiac glycosides?
Increases Ca influx causing increases in myocardium force of contraction
62
What are 2 indications for cardiac glycosides?
Heart failure, atrial fibrillation
63
What are 4 side effects of cardiac glycosides?
Mg decrease, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
64
What is the difference between osmotic and stimulant laxatives?
Osmotic laxative – stimulates peristalsis by increasing faecal mass or using magnesium sulfate to increase water in colon drawing fluid from body. Stimulant laxative – increase intestinal motility
65
What is the main side effect of laxatives?
Lazy bowel
66
What is the mode of action for PPIs?
Inhibit proton pump in gastric parietal cells
67
What 2 indications use PPIs?
GERD, ulcers, NSAIDs, H.pyloric + 2 antibiotics
68
What are 2 side effects of PPIs?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
69
What is the difference between general sale list (GSL), pharmacy only medication (P) and prescription only medication (POM)?
GSL - able to be sold anywhere, limit on strength P - only sold in pharmacy and supervised by a pharmacist POM - only sold on prescription
70
What are controlled drugs?
e.g. morphine Controls on who may prescribe, how the prescription is written, how much is prescribed and how the medicines are stored in pharmacy
71
How are drugs named?
3 names: proprietary or brand name, generic name and chemical name
72
What are some predictable adverse effects?
exaggerated physiological effect, side effect, toxicity, cumulative toxicity, latrogenic (caused by physician)
73
What are some unpredictable adverse effects?
Allergy - hypersensitivity reaction to a drug | idiosyncratic - disturbance in enzyme function, congenital or acquired
74
What is the difference between pharmodynamics and pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacodynamics - what the drug does to the body. | Pharmacokinetic - what the body does to the drug; absorption, metabolism and elimination of drug
75
What are 5 considerations for administration methods?
cheap, easy to administer, good patient compliance, speed of onset, bioavailability
76
What are some enteral administrations?
oral - tablets, capsules, powders sublingual (under the tongue) - bypass first pass effect enemas/suppositories - bypass first pass effect
77
What administration bypass first pass effect?
enemas/suppositories and sublinguals
78
What are parenteral administration? Why do we use parenteral administration?
(injection, inhalation, topical) routes are rapid, good for drugs poorly absorbed from gut, irritants
79
What are the 4 types of injections?
subcutaneous, intra-muscular, intravenous, intra-arterial
80
Whats an example of a drug that can accumulate in body tissues?
tetracyclines have an affinity for calcium and accumulate in bones chloroquine (anti-malarial) is attracted to melanin and accumulates in retina causing retinopathy
81
What is the blood brain barrier?
protective mechanism that stops harmful substances from reaching the brain. Astrocytes maintain tight junctions that create a barrier between capillaries and brain tissue
82
What is the first pass effect?
if drugs are administered orally they are absorbed into the portal circulation and go directly to liver causing drug concentration to be reduced and bioavailability to be reduced
83
What is bioavailability?
degree of absorption of active substances into bloodstream following oral doses
84
What is meant by enteric-coating?
drugs designed to withstand action of stomach acid by coat in in acid insoluble layer
85
What are 4 factors which affect drug metabolism?
age, sex, genetic, factors affect CP450 (inducer or inhibitors
86
What is the difference between phase I and phase II metabolism in the liver?
Phase I - drug is made more lipophobic to reduce chance of reabsorption by kidney Phase II - conjugate to reduce it effects and aid excretion
87
What is the cytochrome P-450?
it a series of enzymes which help phase I work turning toxins into polar less lipid soluble molecules
88
How are drugs excreted?
renal excretion - drugs that are lipid soluble | hepatic excretion - biles is a major excretion route
89
What is meant by half life?
the time it takes for a drugs concentration in the body to fall by half
90
What is meant by a loading dose?
a large dose is given initially follow by small maintenance doses to help the drug reach therapeutic levels faster
91
What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist?
Agonist - drug binds to receptors and stimulates response | antagonist - drug that binds to a receptor and blocks the effect of an agonist
92
Why is grapefruit a common interaction between drugs and food?
grapefruit selectively inhibits CYP3A4 (an enzymes in p450) so grapefruit does not break down CYP34A substrates and increases peak levels
93
What other food causes similar interactions to grapefruit?
pomegranate juice
94
What food causes interaction in MAOI anti-depressants?
tyramine - aubergine, avo, figs, grapes
95
What is the worst offender for nutrient depletion?
Antacids - neutralising stomach acid
96
What interaction is for antacids?
vitamin D - stimulates a protein to transport calcium which also binds and transport Al. Increase Al levels can lead to toxicity
97
What are 5 side effects of the oral contraceptive pill?
nausea, vomiting, weight gain, breast tenderness, hypertension
98
What are oestrogen agonist for?
management of menopause symptoms
99
What nutrient is interacted with oestrogen agonists?
vit C

Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 (8 decks)

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