Nutritional Principles & Pet Foods - Quiz 1 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is a required nutrient?
If it cannot be synthesized in the body in amounts needed for normal performance
Functions of water and sources of it
Ion balance, transport of nutrients, elimination of waste, thermoregulation, lubrication of joints
drinking, food, and metabolic reactions
Dehydration stages and % of bodyweight loss
1% - hypothalamus secretes antidiuretic hormone into the kidney so that the brain signals the body to crave water
1-5% - diminished cell function, coordination, sight, and hearing
5-10% - cessation of nervous and heart activity into death
Energy requirement changes depending on: (4 things)
growth, exercise, pregnancy, and maintenance
What are the three essential fatty acids?
arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid
Functions of fats
energy and vitamins ADEK storage, cell membrane phospholipids, anti-inflammatory properties of unsaturated fats, and cholesterol hormones
Amino acids function to:
transport, build hormones, and contract muscles
When determining energy requirements, we will use the unit of:
A kilocalorie per animal per day
Gross energy vs digestible energy vs metabolic energy vs net energy
heat that produces a feed when its burned completely
difference between GE and the energy content of the feces
difference between DE and the energy content or urine/gases
difference between ME and energy content of the heat increment (HI)
How is the heat increment determined?
Direct calorimetry: individual in thermoneutral conditions that flow AC and heat, change in T is the HI
Indirect calorimetry: similar environmental conditions to Direct but T is not measured, only CO2 and O2
Energy requirements for maintenance is determined by:
The basal metabolic rate which is the energy expended in the fasting animal
Excess amino acids leads to
Metabolic degradation
The first limiting amino acid is
lysine or methionine; need to monitor them as they have competition in the diet
Energy foods have high ________
digestibility
Fats and oils only provide _____, _____, ______, & _____,
energy, essential aa’s, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and reduce dust
Fats and oils can cause detriments to foodstuffs such as
oxidation (rancidity), excess antioxidants, alteration of body fat composition
Protein foods are a source of amino acids to _______ and a source of degradable N to ________
non-ruminants, ruminants
What are some good and bad things about protein of animal origin?
better aa profile, higher cost, variable quality depending on environment the animal was raised in, and in limited supply
Fiber food facts
high structural CHO, low energy, protein content is variable, is needed in bulk for ruminants, medium to low digestibility
mineral and vitamins are _______ if consuming commercial foods
NOT necessary
How does processing affect efficiency, palatability, and digestibility?
increases efficiency of handling/utilization
decreases palatability
increases digestibility
Why would we choose to process our pet foods?
It increases the surface area for greater bacterial/enzymatic activity and alters molecular structure to enhance digestion and alters the density of the feed or diet
Types of processing
extrusion, dehydration, canned, rawhide, frozen/refrigerated, & pressed/formed
Anti-nutritional factors: non-starch polysaccharides
increases the viscosity of the digesta and decreases nutrient absorption
use NSPases to solve this
