NVD

Question 1

What component of the eye adjusts pupil size to allow light into the eye?

Answer 1

Iris

Question 2

______ cells are less effective as light levels decrease.

Answer 2

Cone

Question 3

Which type of vision is characterized by lack of color perception and requires off-center viewing?

Answer 3

Scotopic

Question 4

How long does it take to recover dark adaptation due to exposure to a bright light?

Answer 4

5-45 min

Question 5

When is the lens flexible?

Answer 5

When young

Question 6

Where does the optic nerve enter the retina?

Answer 6

Optic Disc

Question 7

What is the transition zone between photopic, and scotopic vision called?

Answer 7

Mesopic Vision

Question 8

Dark adaptation normally takes how long?

Answer 8

30 - 45 min

Question 9

How large is the night-blind spot?

Answer 9

5 - 10 deg

Question 10

Why is the circular overlap in a scan pattern 10 degrees?

Answer 10

To ensure coverage of an area greater than the night-blind spot

Question 11

What information does motion parallax provide aviators?

Answer 11

Aircraft speed and direction of movement

Question 12

What is visual acuity?

Answer 12

The ability to resolve detail in an object

Question 13

Crewmembers should overlap the previous field of view by how many degrees to ensure they compensate for the night-blind spot?

Answer 13

10 degrees

Question 14

What is distance Estimation?

Answer 14

It tells how far away an object is from the viewer

Question 15

What surface is the most difficult to hover over?

Answer 15

Water

Question 16

What is the primary function of the iris?

Answer 16

Adjusts pupil size to allow light into the eye

Question 17

What is the primary function of the lens?

Answer 17

Focuses light on retina

Question 18

Rods and cones are contained in the __________?

Answer 18

Retina

Question 19

What 5 components of the eye help us to see?

Answer 19

Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, and Retina

Question 20

What are the three types of vision?

Answer 20

Photopic, Mesopic, and Scotopic

Question 21

This type of vision has best visual acuity and uses mainly cones.

Answer 21

Photopic

Question 22

This type of vision has lowest visual acuity and uses mainly rods.

Answer 22

Scotopic

Question 23

This type of vision has degraded visual acuity and uses rods and cones.

Answer 23

Mesopic

Question 24

This is the chemical needed for better night vision and takes 30-45 min to build up.

Answer 24

Rhodopsin

Question 25

It takes 5 -45 min to recover from ______________.

Answer 25

Flash Blindness

Question 26

The day blind spot encompasses __________________.

Answer 26

5.5° to 7.5°of visual field

Question 27

The night blind spot encompasses ________________.

Answer 27

5° to 10° center of visual field

Question 28

__________ allows us to see where things are in relation to each other.

Answer 28

Depth perception

Question 29

What are the different monocular cues?

Answer 29

Geometric Perspective, Retinal Image Size, Aerial Perspective, Motion Parallax *G.R.A.M.*

Question 30

Define **geometric perspective**

Answer 30

Objects have different shapes (geometry) when viewed at varying distances and altitudes

Question 31

Define **retinal image size**

Answer 31

An image focused on the retina is perceived by the brain to be of a given size. Image on the retina = size of object

Question 32

Define **aerial perspective**

Answer 32

An object’s clarity and shadow help estimate distance Clarity + shadow = distance

Question 33

Define **motion parallax**

Answer 33

The **apparent relative motion of stationary objects** as viewed by a moving observer – Aircraft Speed and direction Your estimate vector wrt to an object on the ground

Question 34

What is spatial disorientation

Answer 34

The inability to determine **position, attitude or motion** relative to the gravitational vertical or the Earth’s surface

Question 35

Confusing cloud formations with the horizon or ground

Answer 35

False Horizon

Question 36

Missing or ignoring orientation cues to focus their attention on an object or goal

Answer 36

Fascination/Fixation

Question 37

Landing with the searchlight too far under the nose causes the pilot to misjudge altitude

Answer 37

Crater Illusion

Question 38

Falsely perceived self-motion in relation to another object’s motion

Answer 38

Vection

Question 39

Pilot perceives a single light to be in motion when it is not

Answer 39

Autokenesis

Question 40

Misinterpreting an unfamiliar object’s size to be the same as an object one is used to viewing

Answer 40

Size-Distance Illusions