NYA review + biomolecules

Question 1

properties of life (7)

Answer 1

1. Cellular
2. Ordered
3. Sensitivity (responds to environment)
4. Growth, Development, and Reproduction
5. Energy utilization
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

Cell types (2) + differences + domains

Answer 2

1) Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus (has a nucleoid); Archaea and Bacteria
2) Eukaryotic cells: nucleus, complex + compartmentalized; Eukarya

Question 3

Cell structure

cell membrane; fluid mosaic model; regulates what passes into and out of the cell; (all cells)

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Question 4

Cell structure
contains chromosomes (genetic information); is surrounded by a double membrane; instructions for protein synthesis  and cell reproduction; (eukarya **not archaea or bacteria)

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Cell structure
long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein; contain hereditary information used to direct the synthesis of proteins; (circular in archaea and bacteria)

Answer 5

Chromosomes

Question 6

Cell structure

sites of genes for RNA synthesis + ribosome assembly

Answer 6

Nucleolus

Question 7

Cell structure

sites of protein synthesis; assemblies of protein and RNA

Answer 7

Ribosomes

Question 8

Cell structure

finishes/folds proteins for insertion into membranes or export from cell

Answer 8

rER

Question 9

Cell structure

detoxifies; processes/makes large molecules that are not proteins (i.e. steroids)

Answer 9

sER

Question 10

Cell structure
packages proteins (from ER) for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles

Answer 10

Golgi

Question 11

Cell structure

contains digestive enzymes and acids to break down old organelles, food particles, bacteria, etc

Answer 11

Lysosomes

Question 12

Cell structure

“power plants” of the cell; produces ATP from simple sugars; sites of oxidative metabolism

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

Cell structure

carries out photosynthesis

Answer 13

Chloroplasts

Question 14

Cell structure

supports cell; gives it shape and movement

Answer 14

Cytoskeleton

Question 15

Cell structure

3 types of cytoskeleton + function + examples for first 2

Answer 15

1) Actin filaments—cell shape + movement, ex: microvilli (increase SA:V)
2) Microtubules—movement, ex: cilia, flagella
3) Intermediate filaments—strength + scaffolding

Question 16

Cell structure

protection + support; made of cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycan; (not in animal cells)

Answer 16

Cell wall

Question 17

Cell structure

fluid part of the cytoplasm

Answer 17

Cytosol

Question 18

Cell structure

inside of mitochondrion

Answer 18

Matrix

Question 19

Cell structure

the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Answer 19

Cristae

Question 20

Cell structure

made of 2 centrioles; (not in plant cell)

Answer 20

Centrosome

Question 21

Cell structure

generate microtubules

Answer 21

Centrioles

Question 22

Cell structure

neutralises free radicals

Answer 22

Peroxisome

Question 23

Cell structure

exerts turgor pressure; (plant cells)

Answer 23

Central vacuole

Question 24

Emergent (novelle) properties

Answer 24

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Question 25

Functional groups | OH

Answer 25

hydroxyl

Question 26

Functional groups | C=O

Answer 26

Carbonyl

Question 27

Functional groups | COOH

Answer 27

Carboxyl

Question 28

Functional groups | NH2

Answer 28

Amino

Question 29

Functional groups | SH

Answer 29

Sulfhydryl

Question 30

Functional groups | PO4^(-2)

Answer 30

Phosphate

Question 31

Functional groups | CH3

Answer 31

Methyl

Question 32

Properties of water (5)

Answer 32

1. Cohesion + Adhesion 2. High specific heat 3. High heat of vaporization 4. Lower density of ice 5. Solubility

Question 33

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 33

REMOVES water from reactants; builds molecules

Question 34

Hydrolysis

Answer 34

ADDS water across bonds

Question 35

Metabolism = ? + ?

Answer 35

Catabolism (molecules are broken down) + Anabolism (molecules are built up) energy is released energy is absorbed

Question 36

Macromolecules (4)

Answer 36

- carbohydrates - lipids - nucleic acid - proteins

Question 37

Macromolecules | monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 37

monosaccharides

Question 38

Macromolecules | polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 38

polysaccharides

Question 39

Macromolecules | carbohydrates bond involved

Answer 39

glycosidic bond

Question 40

``` Macromolecules carbohydrates types (4) ```

Answer 40

monosaccharide (1) disaccharide (2) oligosaccharide (<15) polysaccharide (lots)

Question 41

``` Macromolecules carbohydrates functions (2) ```

Answer 41

- energy source | - short-term storage

Question 42

Macromolecules | lipids bond involved

Answer 42

ester linkage

Question 43

``` Macromolecules lipids types (3) ```

Answer 43

- triglyceride - phospholipid - steroids

Question 44

``` Macromolecules lipids functions (3) ```

Answer 44

- thermal insulation - long-term storage - membrane structure

Question 45

Macromolecules | monomer of nucleic acid

Answer 45

nucleotide

Question 46

Macromolecules | polymer of nucleic acid

Answer 46

polynucleotide strand

Question 47

Macromolecules | nucleic acid bond involved

Answer 47

phosphodiester bond

Question 48

Macromolecules | nucleic acid types (2)

Answer 48

- DNA | - RNA

Question 49

Macromolecules | nucleic acid functions (2)

Answer 49

- holds the genetic code | - synthesizes protein

Question 50

Macromolecules | monomer of protein

Answer 50

amino acid

Question 51

Macromolecules | polymer of protein

Answer 51

polypeptide

Question 52

Macromolecules | protein bond involved

Answer 52

peptide bond

Question 53

``` Macromolecules protein types (2) ```

Answer 53

- fibrous | - globular

Question 54

``` Macromolecules protein function (7) + examples ```

Answer 54

1) Enzyme/catalyst—Lactase 2) Cell identity/defence—Antibodies 3) Transport—Hemoglobin 4) Movement—Actin 5) Structure—Keratin 6) Storage—Albumin 7) Regulation—Insulin

Question 55

Protein synthesis steps

Answer 55

DNA—transcription—>RNA—translation—>protein---7 functions

Question 56

Amino acids # and categories of R groups (4)

Answer 56

20 amino acids groups: - non-polar (CH3, rings) - polar (OH, =O) - electrically charged (acidic or basic) - special cases (terminal SH)

Question 57

Amino acid generalized structure

Answer 57

``` . H amino | carboxyl H2N——C—COOH < backbone | . R < side chain ```

Question 58

Structural levels | Primary (bond + location + process)

Answer 58

Peptide bonds form through dehydration synthesis in the backbone atoms (between amino acids)

Question 59

Structural levels | Secondary (bond + location + types)

Answer 59

Backbone atoms fold along part of a single polypeptide forming an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet H-bonds form between amino acids at different (O or carboxyl and H of amino)

Question 60

Structural levels | Tertiary (location + bonds (4) + groups in bonds)

Answer 60

Folding of one polypeptide due to bonding between functional (R) groups on the side chains of each amino acid in the backbone chain Bonds: - hydrophobic interactions/Van der Waals interactions (non-polar groups) - hydrogen bonds (polar groups) - ionic bonds (electrically charged groups) - disulfide bridge (terminal SH)

Question 61

Structural levels | Quaternary (location + bonds (4) + groups in bonds + forms)

Answer 61

Union of 2 or more polypeptides by the R-groups on opposing chains Bonds: - hydrophobic interactions/Van der Waals interactions (non-polar groups) - hydrogen bonds (polar groups) - ionic bonds (electrically charged groups) - disulfide bridge (terminal SH) Forms: - fibrous—tends to be structural protein; 3 polypeptides, used for strength - globular—all others; 4 polypeptides

Question 62

Structural characteristics | motifs

Answer 62

common elements of repeating secondary structure

Question 63

Structural characteristics | domains

Answer 63

characteristic functional units within a larger structure (like pieces of an engine)