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O&G Presentations > O&G > Flashcards

O&G Flashcards

1
Q

Heavy menstrual bleed

A

PALM COEIN

Polyp 
Adenomyosis 
Leiomyoma (fibroid)
Malignancy - cervical, endometrial 
Coagulopathy - Von Willebrand, thrombocytopenia 
Ovulation - PCOS, hypOthyroidism
Endometriosis 
Iatrogenic - IUD/IUS, OCP
Not classified
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2
Q

Primary amenorrhoea

A

Without breast development:

  • Kallman syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • 17-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH)

With breast development:

  • Imperforate hymen
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Cervical / mullerian agenesis
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3
Q

Secondary amenorrhoea

A 
Pregnancy 
Hypothalamic - anorexia, stress, excessive exercise (athletic women)
PCOS
Prolactinoma 
Hyperthyroidism 
Progesterone / POP / Nexplanon
Premature ovarian failure / Menopause
Asherman’s syndrome 
Sheehan’s syndrome
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4
Q

Abdominal pain in pregnancy

A 
Early (1st trimester): 
- Ectopic pregnancy 
- Miscarriage 
Late (2nd/3rd trimester):
- Braxton Hicks contractions 
- Labour 
- Pre-eclampsia 
- Placental abruption 
- Uterine rupture 
- Red degeneration of fibroid
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5
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A 
Common: 
- Primary dysmenorrhea 
- PID
- Endometriosis
- Adenomyosis 
- Fibroids
- Uterine polyps 
Uncommon:
- Ovarian cyst with haemorrhage / torsion 
- Copper IUD
- Asherman’s syndrome
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6
Q

Dyspareunia

A 
Common:
- STI / PID
- Vaginal atrophy 
- Endometriosis 
- Adenomyosis
- Fibroids
Uncommon: 
- UTI
- Bartholin cyst / abscess
- Imperforate hymen
- Psychosexual disorders
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7
Q

Calf swelling in pregnancy

A

Physiological oedema
DVT
Pre-eclampsia
Cellulitis

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8
Q

Bleeding in pregnancy

A 
Early:
- Implantation 
- Ectopic 
- Miscarriage 
Late:
- Labour
- Placenta praevia 
- Placental abruption
- Vasa praevia
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9
Q

Postmenopausal bleeding

A
  • Atrophic vaginitis (most common)
  • Endometrial cancer
  • Endometrial hyperplasia
  • Polyps
  • Exogenous oestrogen / HRT
  • Cervical, Vulval, ovarian cancer
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10
Q

Intermenstrual bleeding

A
  • Polyps
  • Cervical ectropion
  • Endometriosis
  • Adenomyosis
  • Ovarian cyst
  • Chronic pelvic infection / PID
  • Fibroids
  • Breakthrough bleeding (contraception)
  • Ovarian/cervical/endometrial cancer
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11
Q

Postcoital bleeding

A
  • Trauma
  • Cervical polyp
  • Cervical ectropion
  • Cervical cancer
  • Cervicitis / vaginitis
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12
Q

Vaginal discharge

A
  • BV
  • Trichomoniasis (green, frothy)
  • Candida (cottage cheese)
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Atrophic vaginitis
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13
Q

Chest pain in pregnancy

A
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Amniotic fluid embolism
  • GORD
  • MI
  • Aortic dissection
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14
Q

Dyspnoea in pregnancy

A
  • Physiological breathlessness of pregnancy (more common in 3rd)
  • Anaemia (more common in 3rd)
  • PE
  • Hyperventilation
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax (most common after vaginal delivery)
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15
Q

Maternal collapse in pregnancy

A
  • VTE: DVT/PE/stroke
  • Amniotic fluid embolism
  • Cardiac (MI, aortic dissection, cardiomyopathy)
  • Sepsis
  • Eclampsia
  • Hypovolaemia - APH/PPH, placental abruption, uterine rupture, any PV bleed
  • Drugs (Magsulf, illicit, anaesthesia toxicity)
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16
Q

Vulval pain / Vulvodynia

A

Acute:
- Infection (candidiasis, herpes, STI, Bartholin abscess)
- Inflammation (lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, soap/clothing irritation)
- Malignancy (VIN, vaginal cancer)
Chronic:
- Nerve damage (prev. Surgery, childbirth, trapped nerves)
- Persistent thrush
- Vaginal dryness / menopause

17
Q

Vomiting in pregnancy

A
  • Physiological N&V (1st trimester)
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum (molar pregnancy, multiple pregnancy)
  • Gastroenteritis, appendicitis
  • Pyelonephritis / UTI, ovarian torsion
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
  • DKA
18
Q

Reduced Fetal Movements

A 
- Physiological (fetus sleeping, position, distractions, maternal obesity)
Maternal:
- Maternal sedating drugs (BDZ, smoking, alcohol, narcotics)
- Steroids (for lung maturity)
- Oligo/Polyhydramnios 
- Maternal comorbidities (anaemia, hypothyroidism, metabolic dx)
Fetal:
- Congenital abnormalities (neuro, MSK)
- Hydrops fetalis
- Intrauterine death
Placenta:
- Anterior placenta 
- Placental insufficiency / IUGR
19
Q

Fever in pregnancy

A

Infection - Viral/bacterial infections (TORCH), STIs, UTI, chorioamnionitis, GBS, listeriosis
Non-infective - VTE, SLE/RA, drug administration (prostaglandins), red degeneration of fibroid

20
Q

Fever in puerperium

A 
ENDOMETRITITS
Retained products of conception
Wound infection 
UTI
Mastitis / abscess
VTE 
Atelectasis
21
Q

Fetal distress in labour

A 
Maternal:
- APH / vasa praevia 
- Epidural anaesthesia 
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Placental abruption 
- Uterine rupture 
- Obstetric cholestasis 
- Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia
- Uterine hyperstimulation 
Fetal:
- Malposition / malpresentation 
- Shoulder dystocia
- Cord entanglement (ECV, multiple pregnancy)
- Oligohydramnios
22
Q

Shoulder dystocia

A
  • Cephalopelvic disproportion
  • Maternal diabetes / GDM
  • Fetal macrosomia
  • High maternal BMI
  • Post-term pregnancy
  • Prolonged labour
  • Instrumental delivery
23
Q

Uterine rupture

A
  • VBAC
  • Previous gynae surgery
  • Induction of labour / oxytocin
  • Malpresentation
  • Obstructed labour
  • Instrumental delivery
24
Q

Cord prolapse

A
  • PROM/PPROM
  • Preterm labour
  • Multiple pregnancy
  • Polyhydramnios
  • Malpresentation
  • ARM
25
Q

Vaginal fluid leakage in pregnancy

A
  • ROM
  • PROM / PROM
  • Discharge (BV, trichomoniasis, STI, candida)
  • Blood (placenta praevia, vasa praevia, APH)
26
Q

Adnexal mass

A 
Ovarian:
- Ovarian cyst 
- PCOS
- Ovarian tumour 
Non-ovarian:
- Ectopic pregnancy 
- Tubo-ovarian abscess (PID)
- Fibroids
- Mets from other organs 
- Pelvic kidneys
- Hydrosalpinx

O&G Presentations (1 decks)

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