OB/GYN

Question 1

Testicular torsion

Answer 1

Twisting of spermatic cord (testicular artery and vas deferens).
SS: sudden, pain, localized unilateral testicular pain, NV

Question 2

Epididymitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the epididymis. Commonly caused by STI, can be caused by UTI.
SS: urine changes, infection, localized inflammation and pain

Question 3

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 3

Infection of the upper reproductive tract. Common with gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Can be acute or chronic. Can lead to sepsis.
SS: lower abdo pn, infection, shuffling gait.

Question 4

Ruptured ovarian cyst

Answer 4

Fluid filled pocket on the ovary that ruptures which can spill a small amount of blood into the perineum
SS: sudden onset of pain where cyst is, bloating, NV

Question 5

Cystitis

Answer 5

Inflammation of the inner lining of the bladder. Usually bacterial infection.
SS: polyuria, lower abdo pn, pn on urinating, foul/cloudy urine, fever/chills.

Question 6

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 6

Primary: menstrual pain
Secondary: abnormal physical pain exacerbating menstrual pain (tumor, endometriosis, etc)

Question 7

Mittelschmertz

Answer 7

Unilateral pn occurring mid cycle of menstrual period (lasts 24-36 hrs).
Can cause spotting due to follicle rupture or bleeding at time of ovulation.

Question 8

Endometriosis

Answer 8

Abnormal formation of endometrium tissue outside of the uterus.
SS: abdo pn, pn with intercourse, increased menses pn, NV

Question 9

Endometritis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the endometrium.

SS: lower abdo pn, mimics PID, signs of infection, abnormal vaginal discharge.

Question 10

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 10

Implantation outside of the uterus. Can rupture in first trimester. Can lead to shock or sepsis
SS: severe (usually unilateral) abdo pn, pn May radiate to shoulder, spotting

Question 11

Placenta

Answer 11

Develops 3 weeks after fertilization. Temporary blood rich organ.
Delivers nutrients/carries away waste, endocrine gland, gas exchange, transfers heat.

Question 12

Umbilical cord

Answer 12

Connects placenta to the fetus. Develops with the placenta.
Contains 2 arteries and 1 vein.
Vein transports oxygenated blood, arteries transport deoxygenated blood.

Question 13

Gravida

Answer 13

Number of current and past pregnancies

Question 14

Para

Answer 14

Number of pregnancies viable for delivery (passed 28 weeks)

Question 15

Antepartum

Answer 15

Maternal period before delivery

Question 16

Gestation

Answer 16

Period of fetal development (37-42 weeks)

Question 17

Nullipara

Answer 17

Woman who has never delivered

Question 18

Perinatal

Answer 18

Occurring at or near the time of birth

Question 19

Primigravida

Answer 19

Woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Question 20

Primipara

Answer 20

Woman who has given birth once.

Question 21

Term

Answer 21

Normal gestational period: 37-42 weeks
Pre term: less than 37 weeks. 
Early term: 37-38 weeks. 
Full term: 39-41 weeks
Late term: 42 weeks
Post term: after 42 weeks.

Question 22

Trimesters

Answer 22

1st: 12 and less weeks.
2nd: 13-27 weeks.
3rd: 28 weeks to delivery.

Question 23

Stages of labour

Answer 23

1) start of contraction until cervix is 10cm dilated and contractions are q2-3, 60-90 seconds long. Lasts about 8-12 hrs in nullipara and anywhere up to 8hrs in multipara
2) start of baby delivery to delivery. Takes about 1-2 hour in nullipara and 20-30 minutes in multipara
3) expulsion of placenta. Takes about 5-60 minutes.

Question 24

Abruptio placenta

Answer 24

Premature separation of placenta from uterine wall. Commonly occurs during the 3rd trimester. Commonly caused by maternal HTN, trauma, and infection.
SS: vaginal bleed, sudden severe pn, May no longer feel baby moving, tender abdo with rigid uterus.

Question 25

Braxton-hicks contraction

Answer 25

Very early, irregular contractions. Occur only in the front, get weaker, and fade out with no cervical dilation. Common in the 3rd trimester

Question 26

Gestational diabetes

Answer 26

New onset of increased BGL which usually resolves itself after delivery.

Question 27

Placenta previa

Answer 27

Placenta partially or fully covers the cervix. Can self resolve or result in C-section. SS: painless, bright red vaginal bleed.

Question 28

Uterine rupture

Answer 28

Myometrium tearing during labour. | SS: abdo pn, bleeding, abnormal contractions, pn at site of previous C section

Question 29

Preeclampsia

Answer 29

High BP after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Can self resolve or stay after delivery. SS: HTN, proteinuria, swollen peripheries.

Question 30

Eclampsia

Answer 30

Preeclampsia with seizures.

Question 31

Newborn apnea

Answer 31

Primary: hypoxia, low HR, improves with tactile stimulation Secondary: hypoxia, apnea continues, HR and BP drop, not responsive to tactile stimulation.

Question 32

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 32

Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary valve stenosis RV hypertrophy Displaced aorta

Question 33

Pierre-Robin syndrome

Answer 33

Small jaw that is inwardly displaced with a large tongue and a cleft palate

Question 34

Age classifications for children and adolescents.

Answer 34

``` Newborn: first few hours of life Neonate: birth to 28 days Infant: 1 month to 1 year Toddler: 1-3 years Preschool: 3-6 years School age: 6-12 years Adolescent: 13-18 years ```

Question 35

Fetal heart sounds

Answer 35

Lower than 120 bpm = fetal distress

Question 36

Gestational age estimations based on height of uterus

Answer 36

Palpable: just above symphysis pubis: 12-16 weeks gestation Level of umbilicus: 22 weeks Xiphoid process: at or near term.

Question 37

When to take APGAR score

Answer 37

60 seconds and 5 minutes after birth. Score of 7-10 is normally adequate Score of 4-6 is moderately depressed.