OB-GYN Halo-halo 4 Flashcards
(28 cards)
fetal bradycardia definition
<110 bpm for minimum of 2 mins (Williams)
SGA definition
Small for Gestational Age
EFW < 10th percentile
LGA definition
Large for Gestational Age
EFW >90th percentile
if the fundal heigh varies by __________ from the gestational age, ultrasound is usually obtained
more than 3 cm
remarks on leptospirosis’ human-to-human transmissiosn
The dogma that human-to-human transmission is very rare is challenged by recent findings on household CLUSTERING, asymptomatic renal COLONIZATION, and prolonged excretion of leptospires.
(Both of the latter features imply human infection sources that are not recognized.)
(Harrison)
Person to person transmission is rare. (CDC)
transmission of leptospirosis
- through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch.
- Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection.
- Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters.
- Person to person transmission is rare
(CDC)
Number one cancer killer of WOMEN in the DEVELOPING world
cervical cancer
also the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide
risk factors for cervical dysplasia
HPV EXPOSURE
early intercourse
multiple sexual partners
early childbearing
DECREASED ACCESS TO SCREENING
low socioeconomic status
hispanic ethnicity
HIGH-RISK HPV INFECTION
-MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CIN
OTHERS
Cigarette smoking
Immunodeficiency
Immunosuppression
% of ASC Pap tests that harbor severe dysplasia
10-15%
Majority of women with HPV infection will NOT develop cervical cancer. this is because ____% of HPV infections resolve in their own in women with intact immune system
90%
risk factors for cervical cancer
HIGH-RISK HPV INFECTION (16,18,31,45)
Cigarette smoking (2x) Immunosuppression Immunodeficiency /cervical cancer is considered an AIDS-defining illness/
Chlamydial infection (past/current) DES in utero exposure OCP, long term use (>5 years) 3 or more full-term pregancies First full-term BEFORE 17 y/o Family history
Cervical cancer, confined to cerfix 5 cm. what stage?
Ib-2 (>4.0cm)
Ib-1 if no greater than 4.0 cm (≤4.0 cm)
Ia is microscopic
cervical cancer involves upper 2/3 of vagina with no parametrial involvement, 4.0cm
IIa-1
IIa-2 if 4.1 cm and above
IIb if with obvious parametrial involvement
cervical cancer withhydronephrosis
IIIb
IIIa if involves the lower 1/3 of vagina
IIIb if with extension to the pelvic wall and/or hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning kidney
cervical cancer with spread to rectum
IVa (adjacent organs)
IVb if distant spread
estrogen and FSH levels stabilize _____ after FMP
2 years
primary ovarian insufficiency is the onset of spontaneous menopause when?
before the age of 40
this requires further testing
up to ___ of women in menopause will have persistent VMS
25%
average medial duration of VMS symptoms is reported to be 7.5 years
larges benefit of MHT in control of vasomotor symptoms and prevention of bone loss when?
beginning of MHT before age 60 years or WITHIN 10 YEARS of the FMP
Contraindications to MHT
Chronic liver impairment
known estrogen-dep neoplasm (breast, ovary, endometrium)
active thromboembolic disease
undiagnosed uterine bleeding`
only approved nonhormonal medication to treaet VMS
paroxetine sulfate
others are in clinical trials (including clonidine)
glucocorticoid risk in osteoporosis
≥5 mg/day prednisone for >3 months
other risk factors
alcohol >3/day
BMI <22; weight <127 lbs
🎃a woman can lose 20% of her orignal bone density in the first 5-7 years after menopause
Vit D levels of _____ were associated with a decreased risk of bone fracture
> 30 ng/dL
RDA for calcium and vitamin D for 26 years old
Calcium: 1,000 IU
Vitamin D: 600 IU
CALCIUM
9-18y: 1,300 IU
19-50y: 1,000 IU
over 50y: 1,200 IU
VITAMIN D
most everyone: 600 IU
>70y: 800 IU
