Obat

Question 1

Codeine Boxed Warning

Answer 1

Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of codeine. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of codeine or following a dose increase.

Question 2

Codeine Boxed Warning 2

Answer 2

Codeine is contraindicated in pediatric patients <12 years of age and in pediatric patients <18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Avoid the use of codeine in pediatric patients 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine.

Question 3

Codeine Boxed Warning 3

Answer 3

Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.

Question 4

The Use of Codeine : Cough in select patients (off-label use)

Answer 4

Oral: Reported doses vary with a range of 7.5 to 120 mg/day as a single dose or in divided doses; however, evidence is of low quality. Some experts recommend 30 to 60 mg 4 times daily in specific patient populations (eg, lung cancer)

Question 5

The Use of Codeine : Diarrhea (persistent) (palliative care) (off-label use)

Answer 5

Oral: 15 to 30 mg every 4 hours as needed

Question 6

Adverse effects of codeine

Answer 6

CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).

Question 7

Adverse effects of codeine 2

Answer 7

Constipation: May cause or aggravate constipation; chronic use may result in obstructive bowel disease, particularly in those with underlying intestinal motility disorders.

Question 8

Adverse effects of codeine 3

Answer 8

Hypotension: May cause severe hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension and syncope); use with caution in patients with hypovolemia, cardiovascular disease (including acute MI), or drugs that may exaggerate hypotensive effects (including phenothiazines or general anesthetics).

Question 9

Contoh NSAID selektif (Cox 2 Inhibitor)

Answer 9

Celecoxib (Celebrex), etoricoxib (Arcoxia), lumiracoxib (Prexige)

Question 10

NSAID selektif (Cox 2 Inhibitor) yang ditarik dari pasaran

Answer 10

Rofecoxib (nama merek: Vioxx) dan valdecoxib (nama merek: Bextra)

Question 11

Three medications commonly used to treat opioid addiction:

Answer 11

Methadone, Naltrexone, Buprenorphine

Question 12

What Is Methadone?

Answer 12

Methadone has been used for decades to treat people who are addicted to heroin and narcotic pain medicines. When taken as prescribed, it is safe and effective.

Question 13

How Does Methadone Work?

Answer 13

Methadone works by changing how the brain and nervous system respond to pain. It lessens the painful symptoms of opiate withdrawal and blocks the euphoric effects of opiate drugs such as heroin, morphine, and codeine, as well as semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone.

Question 14

What Is Naltrexone?

Answer 14

Naltrexone is a medication to treat opioid use disorders and alcohol use disorders. It comes in a pill form or as an injectable. The pill form of naltrexone can be taken at 50 mg once per day.

Question 15

How Naltrexone Works ?

Answer 15

Naltrexone blocks the euphoric and sedative effects of drugs such as heroin, morphine, and codeine. It works differently in the body than buprenorphine and methadone, which activate opioid receptors in the body that suppress cravings. Naltrexone binds and blocks opioid receptors, and is reported to reduce opioid cravings.

Question 16

What Is Buprenorphine ?

Answer 16

Buprenorphine is used in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) to help people reduce or quit their use of heroin or other opiates, such as pain relievers like morphine.

Question 17

How Buprenorphine Works ?

Answer 17

Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist. This means that, like opioids, it produces effects such as euphoria or respiratory depression. With buprenorphine, however, these effects are weaker than those of full drugs such as heroin and methadone.

Buprenorphine’s opioid effects increase with each dose until at moderate doses they level off, even with further dose increases. This “ceiling effect” lowers the risk of misuse, dependency, and side effects. Also, because of buprenorphine’s long-acting agent, many patients may not have to take it every day.