Obesity Flashcards
(23 cards)
Why should we care about obesity
Obesity is an indicator or physical marker for metabolic activities that lead to chronic diseases
Define obesity
Obesity is a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat
How is obesity defined?
Obesity is defined by body mass index (BMI)
BMI = weight in kilograms/height in meters squared
BMI classifications-what values associated with underweight, healthy weight, overweight, obese, morbidly obese?
BMI below 18.5 = underweight
BMI 18.5-24.9 = healthy weight
BMI 25-29.9 = overweight
BMI 30-39 = obese
BMI 40 + = morbidly obese
Obese definition for children very slightly how is obesity and BMI defined for children ages 2- 19?
Obesity = BMI greater than or equal to 95th percentile
Overweight = BMI greater than or equal to 85th percentile but less than 95th percentile
BMI alone is not an accurate measurement for everyone-who and why?
Consider athletes
Consider wide variations in general body size in different cultures
We circumference also used but not helpful for those of Asian descent
List some of the factors influencing the development of obesity
Monogenic syndromes
Jeans
Susceptibility genes
Culture
Food intake
Exercise
Metabolic rate (i.e. men versus women)
What is a major cause of obesity?
Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure
List some major health risks for individuals with obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Liver disease-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Stroke
Sleep apnea and breathing problems
Gallbladder disease
Osteoarthritis
Gynecological problems
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of disorders what disorders does it include?
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Hyper lipidemia (low HDL elevated triglycerides)
Hypertension
Statistics about nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Effects 20 -30% of adult population
70% of individuals with NAFLD have metabolic syndrome
Liver illness tied to obesity what populations does it affect disproportionately?
Hispanic populations due to a gene variant (PNPLA3) that causes the liver to store triglycerides
In Los Angeles on the 25% of liver transplants due to nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis the most severe form of NAFLD
What are treatments for NAFLD?
Diet and lifestyle changes
Decreased body weight, improve blood glucose levels, improve abnormal lipid patterns
(Individuals with NAFLD consume an increased quantity of sugary beverages and meAT compared to those without the disease)
A 20 ounce bottle of soda equals how many teaspoons of sugar
17 teaspoons of sugar
What are some of the problems with white fat cells
They produce hormones such as adipokines, that may affect cell growth
The induce inflammation-secrete cytokines
Produce excess amounts of estrogen
Why is there an increased risk of cancer for obese individuals and what kind of cancers are they at higher risk for
Increased risk may be due to activities of fat cells
Types of cancer:
Colon
Rectum
Breast (after menopause)
Endometrium (lining of the uterus)
kidney
Thyroid
Gallbladder
Obesity increases risk of all of the following
Respiratory disease
Gallbladder disease
Liver disease
Hormonal abnormalities
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular issues
Stroke
The spread of obesity in large social networks over 32 years-explain what is meant by clusters of obese persons found at all time points extending to 3° of separation?
You have a greater chance of being obese if a friend a sibling or spouse is obese - the percentages as follows:
57% increased risk if a friend obese
40% increase risk if sibling obese
37% increased risk if spouse obis
What are the direct and indirect costs of obesity (Economic cost)
Direct cost-those resulting from outpatient and inpatient health services
Indirect costs-those defined as resources foregone as a result of A health condition:
-Days missed from work and also not working at full capacity
Insurance-employers pay higher life insurance premiums
Wages some study show that obesity is associated with lower wages and lower household income
Define presenteeism
Days not working at full capacity at work
Into thousand five obesity accounted for 21% of medical spending-$190 billion in the US
Cost could increase by an additional walked by the year of 2030
$66 billion by 2030
For individuals with obesity medical spending is increased by about what percentage per year compared to those with normal weight
42% per year compared to those with normal weight
What is most important to recognize when addressing obesity
Obesity is a medical societal political and economic issue
Prevent obesity in children through education of families and communities
Change the food environment-school lunches
Work with food manufacturers
Expose the deleterious effects of processed food (sugar, sodium, and calories are everywhere)
