Obesity & Starvation (Maris) Flashcards
(40 cards)
The energy expended by our bodies in order to consume and process food is known as what?
Thermic effect
What is the largest component of energy expenditure? What is the smallest?
Basal metabolism; thermic effect of food
What is basal metabolism?
Energy expenditure to do everything you need to do to be alive in a resting state; 2/3 energy expenditure.
Which organs/tissues contribute most to energy expenditure?
Brain, liver, muscles
What is the basal metabolic rate?
Rate at which energy is expended on basic life activities.
What are the 5 influences of/on hunger, satiation, and satiety?
- Physiological - hunger
- Sensory - seek food and start meal
- Cognitive - keep eating
- Postingestive - satiation: end meal
- Postabsorptive - Satiety: several hours later
According to the CDC, what is the greatest harm to collective health in the US?
Obesity
Do substantial differences exist in obesity prevalence by race/ethnicity? Do they vary by age and sex if yes?
Yes to both
In the US, what percentage of calories are actually consumed as plant food?
12%
In the US, what percentage of calories are actually consumed as animal food?
25%
In the US, what percentage of calories are actually consumed as processed food?
63%
What are some leading contributors to some of the urgent health challenges facing the US, such as obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?
Poor nutrition, low levels of physical activity
What is “Let’s Move”?
A program developed by First Lady Michelle Obama to solve the epidemic of childhood obesity within a generation.
How are excess calories stored?
As fat
In terms of body fat and its distribution, what matters most in terms of disease risk?
Distribution of fat appears to be more critical than total amount of fat. Visceral upper-body fat stored around abdominal organs is associated with high risk for many diseases.
What is the difference between white and brown fat?
White fat stores energy as large fat droplets. Brown fat has much smaller droplets and is specialized to burn them, yielding heat. Brown cells look brown because they’re packed with mitochondria.
Where is brown fat located on infants? What is the percentage of total body mass that it takes up?
Upper spine & shoulders for warmth; 5% total body mass.
Do adults have brown fat?
Yes - small reserves in shoulders and neck.
There’s a lot of interest in seeing if we can “brown” white fat since it can burn more calories and protect overfed mice from obesity. What do 3 recent mouse studies of these effects look at to determine if this browning can be accomplished?
Ebf2 (early B cell factor 2), BMP signaling, deacetylase SirT1
What does LPL (lipoprotein lipase) do?
Removes triglycerides from the bloodstream for storage in adipose tissue and muscle cells.
Where is LPL activity high in women? ?
Women - breasts, hips, thighs. Men - abdomen.
What have studies shown regarding LPL activity in obese people?
That they have more LPL activity in their adipose tissue. High LPL activity leads to efficient storage. There’s something about increasing caloric uptake that makes the enzyme much more active and efficient at storing fat.
What happens to LPL activity after weight loss?
It increases. This is why most people regain weight after having lost it. Enzymes want to store fat. This is why it’s important to prevent obesity in the first place.
What are some causes of obesity?
Genetics/epigenetics, environmental, cultural, behavioral, socioeconomic, phsychological, etc…Often involves the interaction of many factors, making it difficult to address.
