OBGYN 2 Final Prep Flashcards by Sonography ♡

What is the most likely cause of Asherman syndrome?

D&C

(Dilation and Curettage)

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The most likely pattern of spread of endometrial carcinoma begins with:

Local invasion to the myometrium and cervix

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What is usually associated with theca-lutein cysts?

Hydatidiform mole

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What is most likely to be associated with acute onset of lower abdominal pain?

Ovarian torsion

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What is the most common Etiology of PID?
(Pelvic inflammatory disease)

Gonococcal

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Symptoms of endometriosis are most clinically influenced by:

The menstrual cycle

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What is the cause of a T-shaped uterus?

In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)

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What produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

Trophoblastic tissue

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What do the maternal clinical signs and symptoms of hypertension, edema, and proteinuria represent?

Preeclampsia

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What is associated with pregnancy induced hypertension?

Increased risk of placental abruption

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Which maternal disease is associated with neural tube defects in the fetus?

Diabetes mellitus

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What is the most dangerous type of abnormal placenta?

Placenta percreta

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What is the most commonly encountered umbilical cord abnormality?

Two vessel cord

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A 30 year old female presents for an obstetrical sonogram at 7 weeks gestation with left lower quadrant pain and spotting. Her hCG levels have risen at a subnormal rate over the last 48 hours, and no intrauterine gestation is identified sonographically.
Which most likely explains the symptoms and sonographic findings?

Ectopic pregnancy

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Which is the most likely diagnosis for a 72 year-old female with vaginal bleeding and a sonographic finding of an endometrial thickness measuring 12.0 mm?

Endometrial cancer

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When scanning a pelvis transabdominally, what is an anatomical reference for cyst versus solid?

Urine filled bladder

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Which technique would be most useful in demonstrating fat-fluid or fluid-debris levels?

Scanning while the patient changes position.

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What is the term for a partial septum at the fundus of the uterus affecting both the external surface and lumen?

Bicornuate uterus

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What is the most likely underlying cause of Hematometracolpos/hematocolpos in an adolescent?

Imperforate hymen

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Infertility or sterility would most likely result from what consequence of PID?

Salpingitis

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What are three differential diagnosis for endometriosis/chocolate cyst?

-Dermoid cyst
-Hemorrhagic cyst
-Bowel lesion

(Note: Pedunculated Submucosal fibroid is NOT a differential diagnosis)

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What pathology will appear as a cystic structure in the cervical region?

Nabothian cyst

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Neovascularity associated with a malignant neoplasm in the pelvis would most likely exhibit what type of Doppler waveform pattern?

High (increased) diastolic flow

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If the peritoneal cavity becomes filled with a mucinous material from a ruptured ovarian cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma it is called:

Pseudomyxoma peritoneii

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What is the most likely diagnosis for a 59 year old female with a known gastrointestinal primary malignancy with a large complex left ovarian mass and ascites?

Krukenberg tumor

List three functional cysts?

- Corpus luteum cyst - Theca-lutein cyst - Graafian follicle (Note: Gartner’s duct cyst is NOT a functional cyst)

Which is a finding associated with true polycystic ovary disease?

Oligomenorrhea

What is the MOST reliable indicator of a poor fetal prognosis in the first trimester?

Fetal heart rate of 60 (below normal bpm)

What is an accessory lobe of a placenta connected to the primary placenta by blood vessels?

Succenturiate placenta

What fetal measurement allows for the most accurate estimation of gestational age?

Crown rump length between 7wk - 9wk

Hydrocephalus can be excluded when:

the ventricular atrium measures less than 10 mm and is filled with choroid plexus.

What sonographic finding helps differentiate Dandy-walker syndrome from an arachnoid cyst?

Presence of normal vermis

The diagnosis of anecephaly can reliably be made by _______________.

11-13 weeks

What abnormality is the most consistent with the sonographic finding of a cystic space in the posterior aspect of a fetal head in a 9 week gestation?

Rhombencephalon

A decreased cephalic index results in a head shape called:

Dolichocephaly

What is most commonly associated with a proboscis?

holoprosencephaly

Which is the most common fetal neck mass?

Cystic hygroma

(Pic) While scanning a 20 wk fetus you find a wedge shaped mass in the left lung. What does this most likely represent?

Pulmonary sequestration

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 30 week fetus with two sonolucent areas in the upper fetal abdomen and polyhydramnios?

Duodenal atresia

If the fetal stomach is never visualized during an ultrasound examination, what disease should be suspected?

Esophageal atresia

What is a keyhole bladder sign in a fetus associated with?

Posterior urethral valve

What is associated with blue sclera?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A skeletal dysplasia that has associations with renal. cardiac, and CNS anomalies. Sex reversal defects have been found in 75% of the 46XY cases as well.|

Camptomelic dysplasia

What is the most reliable sonographic sign for bone demineralization?

Compressibility of the calvarium

What are three important factors associated with amniotic band syndrome?

- Rare condition caused by rupture of the amnion - Severity of defects are related to timing of insult - Associated with off midline body/cranial defects (Note: NOT associated with hydranencephaly)

What term means absence of a foot?

Apodia

List four abnormalities that can be seen in a four chamber heart view:

1. VSD 2. Ebstein anomaly 3. Hypoplastic ventricle 4. Ectopic cordis

Which of the following skeletal dysplasia's is autosomal recessive?

Parenti-Fraccaro

T/F Cleft lip and palate are usually due to failed fusion of the maxilla, primary, and secondary palates.

True

T/F With Arnold Chiari type Il malformation the fetus will demonstrate an enlarged cisterna magna.

False (In Arnold-Chiari type II malformation, the cisterna magna is not enlarged — it's usually obliterated or very small.)

The term for a brain surface that is smooth without the normal sulci and gyri.

Lissencephaly

What does the “C” in TORCH stand for?

Cytomegalovirus (TORCH is an acronym for a group of congenital infections that can cause serious fetal anomalies. It stands for: T – Toxoplasmosis O – Other (commonly includes syphilis, but also may include varicella-zoster, HIV, parvovirus B19, and others) R – Rubella C – Cytomegalovirus (CMV) H – Herpes simplex virus (HSV))

What is the most common site for a/an encephalocele or cephalocele ?

Occipital

What plays a role in the development of neural tube defects?

Folic acid deficiency

What is the “double bubble” sign associated with?

Duodenal atresia

(Pic) A single arterial vessel that arises from the base of the heart and typically overrides a VSD describes which cardiac abnormality?

Truncus arteriosus

What are three true descriptions regarding omphaloceles?

—The cord inserts into the defect —Omphalocele has a higher incidence of chromosomal anomalies over gastroschisis —Omphalocele has a membrane covering the defect (Note: —The defect is NOT usually found to the right of the cord insert)

What anomaly causes the fetal bladder to be over-distended?

Prune Belly syndrome

What is associated with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome?

Monochorionic twins

What pathology is suggested by when the urinary bladder extends through a ventral wall defect?

Bladder exstrophy

T/F Congenital esophageal atresia is associated with a fistula formation between the trachea and esophagus 90% of the time.

True

This type of cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung appears as a solid mass despite it being multiple tiny non-visible cysts.

CAM lll

T/F The transvaginal scanning method yields the most reliable measurement of the cervix in the 3rd trimester.

True

(Pic) While scanning a 22 week 4 day gestation you find the image below. The bladder was visualized and the amniotic fluid volume was within normal limits. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

T/F The amniotic fluid volume will appear normal with a unilateral vesicoureteral junction obstruction

True

T/F Cardiac anomalies are the most common fetal anomaly

True

T/F Highly echogenic bowel is a normal finding in the third trimester.

False

What are four synonyms for spina bifida?

1. meningocele 2. rachischisis 3. myelomeningocele 4. spinal dysraphism (All of them are synonyms)

What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease?

Tetralogy of Fallot

What are three things which are a part of Pentalogy of Cantrell

1. Cardiac defects 2. Ectopia cordis 3. Omphalocele (Note: Posterior diaphragmatic hernia is NOT a part of Pentalogy of Cantrell)

In which pathology are fractures of the fetal bones demonstrated?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

What is a developmental anomaly in which the distal ureter does not insert into the dental bladder in the appropriate portion of the bladder trigone?

Ectopic uterocele

***WRITTEN With renal agenesis, ___________________ may mimic them in the renal fossa

Adrenal glands

***WRITTEN What does the nuchal translucency measurement need to be under to be considered normal?

3 mm

****WRITTEN What is referred to as the mermaid syndrome?

Sirenomelia

***WRITTEN A renal pelvic diameter of _____________ or greater is considered abnormal up until 20 weeks

5mm

***WRITTEN These are common cardiac tumors that are appear as echogenic masses within the heart and are solitary in nature 50% of the time.

myxomas

***WRITTEN What is the most common form of monozygotic twinning?

dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twinning. (Don’t confuse the term monozygotic with monochorionic)

T/F The secondary yolk sac is found in the chorionic cavity

True

Describe a sonohysterogram and give me two different abnormalities it helps to differentiate.

A sonohysterogram is an ultrasound assisted procedure that involves injecting sterile saline into the uterus through a catheter and performing a transvaginal ultrasound to document the saline going through the endometrium. Can help differentiate between an endometrial polyps vs fibroids.

****WRITTEN What is the “tip of the iceberg” sign associated with?

Teratoma in the ovaries (Dermoid cyst)

T/F The keyhole bladder abnormality is only found in females

False Can be found in males and females; more common in males

Rhizomelia:

Shortening of the proximal segment (femur & humerus)

Mesomelia:

Shortening of the middle segment (radius, ulna, tibia, fibula)

Ectrodactyly:

Split hand or foot giving a “lobster claw” appearance

Platyspondylia:

Flattening of the vertebral body

OBGYN 2 Final Prep Flashcards

(86 cards)