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Observational Gait analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is heel rocker

A

the heel acts as a fulcrum, rolls the limb forward. pre-tibial muscles decelerate foot drop, also drawing the tibia forward

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2
Q

what is ankle rocker

A

the ankle becomes the fulcrum once the forefoot strikes the ground. tibial procession is controlled by eccentric contraction of the soleus

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3
Q

forefoot rocker

A

as the heel rises, the fulcrum for tibial advancement shifts to the metatarsals heads. Progression is accelerated as body weight falls beyond the area of foot support

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4
Q

during phase 1, what is happening at the Hip, Knee, and ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 5 flexion
  • 0
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5
Q

true or false: as soon as weight is accepted by the leg, initial contact is over

A

true

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6
Q

Objectives of phase 1 is? which rocker?

A
  • heel contact to advance COM forward
  • heel rocker
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7
Q

Objectives of phase 2

A
  • shock absorption
  • controlled weight transfer to stance limb
  • preservation of progression
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8
Q

true or false: during phase 2, you’re using heel as rocker, knee flexes more for shock absorption

A

true

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9
Q

when do you have the first period of double limb support

A

loading response (phase 2)

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10
Q

name all the phases of the gait cycle

A
  • IC
  • LR
  • MS
    -TS
  • PS
    -IS
    -MS
  • TS
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11
Q

during loading response what’s happening at the hip, knee, ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 15 flexion
  • 5 flexion
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12
Q

objectives of phase 3 and which rocker is being applied?

A
  • controlled forward progression over the stationary foot
  • dynamic stability over the plantigrade foot
  • ankle rocker
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13
Q

during phase 3, what’s happening at the Hip, knee and ankle?

A
  • 0
  • 5 flexion
  • 5 DF
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14
Q

objectives of phase 4 and which rocker is being applied?

A
  • dynamic stability over the forefoot
  • controlled forward progression of the COM anterior to foot
  • forefoot rocker
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15
Q

what’s happening at the hip, ankle and knee during phase 4?

A
  • 20 hyperextension
  • 5 flexion
  • 10 DF
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16
Q

what is the 2nd terminal double limb support?

A

Pre swing

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17
Q

during phase 5, what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle?

A
  • 10 hyperextension
  • 40 flexion
  • 15 PF
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18
Q

Objectives of phase 5

A
  • position the limb for swing (thigh/knee flex)
  • accelerate progression
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19
Q

Objective of phase 6

A
  • thigh advances forward
  • knee flexion to achieve toe clearance
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20
Q

what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle during phase 6

A
  • 15 flexion
  • 60 flexion
  • 5 PF
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21
Q

during phase 7, what’s happening at the hip, knee and ankle

A
  • 25 flexion
  • 25 flexion
  • 0
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22
Q

Objectives of phase 7

A
  • thigh continues advancing
  • ankle DF to neutral for toe clearance
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23
Q

during phase 8, what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 5
  • 0
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24
Q

objectives of phase 8

A
  • knee extends to prepare for heel contact
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25
what phase of cycle is the hip most flex and extend?
- Midswing - Terminal stance
26
At what phase of the gait cycle is the knee most flexed
initial swing
27
during terminal stance what degree is the ankle DF?
10
28
at what phase of the gait does the toes get 60 degree of MTP extension
preswing
29
possible causes for toes or forefoot contact deviation during initial contact?
- leg length discrepancy - PF contracture/spasticity - DF weakness - painful heel - impairments that limits ability to achieve neutral ankle
30
possible causes for foot flat contact deviation at initial contact?
- PF contracture - weak DF - knee flexion contracture
31
possible causes for foot slap
weakness in dorsi flexors
32
possible causes fo excess plantarflexion
- PF contracture - spastic PF - intentional to avoid ankle/knee collapse if PF and vasti are weak
33
possible causes fo excessive DF
- inability of PF to control tibial advance - knee flexion or hip flexin contracture
34
possible causes for early heel rise
- spasticity or contracture of PF
35
possible causes for no heel off
- weak PF - weak investors (fail to lock middfot in terminal stance) - inadequate toe extension ROM - painful forefoot/toes
36
possible causes for toe clawing
- spasticity of toe flexors - excessive activation of toe flexors to compensate for weak gastric/soleus - PF grasp reflex
37
possible causes excessive inversion or eversion deviation
- excessive inversion: overactive/contracted investors; reduced activity of evertors; primitive extensor pattern - excessive eversion: overactiivty/contracture of evertors; reduced activity/strength of investors; primitive flexor pattern
38
possible causes for drag deviation
- pretrial weakness - PF spasticity/contracture - inadequate knee/hip flexion
39
possible causes for excessive knee flexion
- knee flexor spasticity - contracture that exceeds position required for given phase - painful or effused knee - hip flexion contracture
40
possible causes for limited knee flexion
- intentional to decrease demands on weak quads - quad tone - spasticity - contracture
41
possible causes for hyperextension
- structural abnormality
42
possible causes for wobble
consider proprioceptive impairments or alternating spasticity of knee flexors and extensors
43
excessive flexion of the hip could be due to
single it hip extensor weakness with compensation by hamstring - hip and/or knee flexion contractures
44
limited flexion of the hip may be due to
- intentionally to limit demand on weak hip extensors during LR - weak hip flexors - hamstring spasticity - contracture
45
possible causes for hip circumduction
- compensation for weak flexors - inability to shorten leg for limb clearance
46
possible causes for hip internal rotation
- spasticity or contractures of internal rotators - weakness of external rotators - excessive forward rotation of contralateral pelvis
47
possible causes for hip external rotation
- spasticity or contractures of ER - possible tightness of PF - brace that is too stiff to allow DF - weakness of IR
48
possible causes for hip abduction
- contracture of glute med or ITB
49
possible causes for hip adduction
- hip adductor plasticity/contracture - excessive contralateral pelvic drop
50
possible cause for backward trunk lean
- purposeful to reduce demands on weak stance limb glute max or to assist with limb advancement when hip flexion capability is limited
51
possible causes for forward trunk lean
- compensate for quad weakness - forward lean reduces knee extensor moment and thus demand on vastii - accommodate hip or knee flexion contractures
52
possible causes for ipsilateral trunk lean
- occurs during reference limb stance - compensation for ipsilateral hip abductor weakness - hip joint pain - ITB tightness or scoliosis
53
possible causes for contralateral trunk lean
- assist with pelvic elevation in swing to ensure foot clean race - compensate for contralateral hip abductor weakness, hip joint pain, iliotibial band tightness
54
possible causes for ipsilateral pelvic drop
- contralateral hip abductor weakness - hip adductor spasticity or hip adduction contracture
55
possible causes for pelvic hike
- action of quadrates lumborum to assist with limb clean race when hip flexion, knee flexion and/or ankle DF are inadequate for limb clearance
56
what is normal gait speed
1.2 m/sec to 1.4m/sec
57
street crossing speed for rural
45 m/min (0.7m/sec)
58
street crossing speed for urban
48 m/min (0.8 m/sec)
59
street crossing speed for busy city street
70m/min (1.17m/sec)
60
step width should range around
7-10cm
61
6 min walk test range
400m to 700m
62
cadence mean is
113 steps/minute
63
velocity aver for men
1.37 m/sec (3mi/hr)
64
velocity average for women
1.30 m/sec (2.9mi/hr)
65

Neuromuscular (3 decks)

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