Observations & Urinalysis Flashcards
Ddx Haematuria
Kidney - Trauma, Infarct, cysts, Papillary necrosis, TB, malignancy, glomerular nephritis,
Ureter - ureteric neoplasms or stones
Bladder - carcinoma or papilloma, infection, parasites, stone
Urethra - trauma, infection, tumour
Prostate - benign hypertrophy, carcinoma
Ddx proteinuria
Glomerular - increased permeability eg glomerulopathies
Tubular - decreased reabsorption eg Fanconi’s syndrome, tubulointestinal disorders
Overflow - plasma proteins produced in excess eg multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy
Physiological - increased renal haemodynamics eg acute illness, fever, intense activity, upright posture
Normal ranges for vital signs (pulse, BP, resps, O2 sats)
Pulse: 60-100
BP: Systolic - 100-140, Diastolic - 60-80
Temp: 36.5 - 37.2
SATS: 94-98 (88-92 in COPD)
Resps 12-18 per min
What can urine dipstick detect?
Blood Protein Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen pH Urinary nitrates Leukocyte elastase
Reasons for low reading on pulse oximetry
Low temp Poor peripheral circulation Hypoxia/ poor perfusion (PE) Embolus Jaundice Nail varnish Dirty sensor
Signs of hypoxia
Where hypoxia develops gradually, the symptoms include light-headedness / fatigue, numbness / tingling of extremities, nausea and anoxia
In severe hypoxia, or hypoxia of very rapid onset, ataxia, confusion / disorientation / hallucinations / behavioral change, severe headaches / reduced level of consciousness, papilloedema, breathlessness, pallor, tachycardia and pulmonary hypertension eventually leading to the late signs cyanosis, slow heart rate / cor pulmonale and low blood pressure followed by death.
