Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs Flashcards by Jesse Rennie

A periapical (PA) image is needed on the maxillary left premolar area. The patient presents with a large maxillary torus. Using the paralleling, or right-angle, technique, the image receptor film or sensor is to be placed
A distal to the maxillary premolar area.

B mesial to the maxillary premolar area.

C as close to the maxillary left premolar as possible.

D as far from the maxillary left premolar as possible.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 117). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

D as far from the maxillary left premolar as possible.

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A periapical image of the maxillary right molar area is needed, but patient has a shallow palate, and the first image taken misses the apices of the teeth. To correct this error, using the paralleling technique, an acceptable image can be obtained by moving the position indicating device (PID) in a

A 20-degree difference in the horizontal angulation toward the mesial surfaces.

B 20-degree difference in the horizontal angulation toward the distal surfaces.

C positive 20-degree difference in the vertical angulation.

D negative 20-degree difference in the vertical angulation.

E direction in which the central ray is perpendicular to the image receptor.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 117). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C positive 20-degree difference in the vertical angulation.

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When taking a premolar bitewing image, which error in the position of the PID is seen in the photograph shown?
A Greater horizontal angulation than required

B Greater positive vertical angulation than required

C Greater negative vertical angulation than required

D The PID is correctly positioned for a premolar bitewing

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 118). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C Greater negative vertical angulation than required

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The error that will occur to the premolar bitewing image as a result of the PID positioning will be

A unequal distribution of maxillary and mandibular teeth. There will be more coverage of maxillary teeth and fewer mandibular teeth.

B unequal distribution of maxillary and mandibular teeth. There will be more coverage of mandibular teeth and fewer maxillary teeth.

C distal overlap.

D mesial overlap.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 118). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B unequal distribution of maxillary and mandibular teeth. There will be more coverage of mandibular teeth and fewer maxillary teeth.

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In the molar bitewing image, the error that will occur as a result of the PID positioning will be distal overlap. Distal overlap is corrected by repositioning the horizontal angulation of the PID more mesiodistally.
A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 118). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

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Considering exposure time during the production of x-rays, how many impulses are equivalent to 1⁄4 second?
A 1

B 6

C 15

D 30

E 240

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 118). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C 15

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Order the steps for the manual processing of x-ray films. Match each letter with its proper sequence number. Sequence Number Steps
_____ A. Rinsing in water for 30 seconds
_____ B. Washing in water for 20 minutes
_____ C. Developing
_____ D. Fixing
_____ E. Drying

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 118). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

The first step for the manual processing of x-ray films is developing (C);

the second step is rinsing in water for 30 seconds (A);

the third step is fixing (D);

the fourth step is washing in water for 20 minutes (B);

and the fifth step is drying (E).

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From the following list, select the three elements used in the x-ray tube.
A Bromine

B Copper

C Iron

D Molybdenum

E Nickel

F Silver

G Tungsten

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Copper

D Molybdenum

G Tungsten

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9. Which of the following is the unit used to measure radiation exposure?
A Gray (Gy)

B Radiation absorbed dose (rad)

C Roentgen (R)

D Roentgen equivalent in man (rem)

E Sievert (Sv)

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C Roentgen (R)

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A radiographic image will have increased density if the operator
A increases the kVp.

B decreases the kVp.

C decreases the milliampere (mA).

D increases the distance of the x-ray source to the image receptor.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

A increases the kVp.

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The smaller the silver halide crystals in the emulsion of an intraoral film, the faster the film speed. Faster film speed reduces radiation exposure to the patient.
A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

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Which ingredient of the developing solution in the manual processing of x-ray films is alkaline and aids in the softening of the emulsion?
A Potassium bromide

B Potassium alum

C Sodium carbonate

D Sodium sulfite

E Sodium thiosulfate

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C Sodium carbonate

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In which anomaly is cementum of two adjacent teeth joined together?
A Concrescence

B Fusion

C Gemination

D Hypercementosis

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

A Concrescence

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Which structure or material will appear the MOST radiopaque on a dental image?
A Airspace

B Amalgam restoration

C Periodontal ligament space

D Composite restoration

E Pulp

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Amalgam restoration

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Which structure appears as a radiopaque line surrounding the root of the tooth?
A Trabecular bone

B Cancellous bone

C Lamina dura

D Periodontal ligament space

E Pulp

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C Lamina dura

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Which of the following describes the appearance of a carious lesion on the buccal or lingual surface of a molar on a dental image?
A Triangular, radiolucent

B Triangular, radiopaque

C Circular, radiolucent

D Circular, radiopaque

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

C Circular, radiolucent

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Which mandibular anatomic landmark can be seen as a radiolucent area on a mandibular premolar periapical (PA) image?
A Genial tubercles

B Internal oblique ridge

C Mental foramen

D Lingual foramen

E Mental ridge

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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C Mental foramen

All of the following are descriptions of a ghost image on a panoramic image EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A It is a similar sharpness as the original artifact.

B It is a similar shape to the original artifact.

C It is on the opposite side of the original artifact.

D It is located higher than the original artifact.

E It is larger than the original artifact.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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A It is a similar sharpness as the original artifact.

Cone cutting has occurred on the coronal portion of a mandibular anterior PA image. The operator will correct this error by
A moving the image receptor more superiorly.

B moving the image receptor more inferiorly.

C moving the PID to completely cover the image receptor.

D adding more solution to the developer.

E adding more solution to the fixer.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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C moving the PID to completely cover the image receptor.

The tubehead of the panoramic unit is angled so that the x-ray beam is directed
A in a slightly positive vertical angulation.

B in a strong positive vertical angulation.

C in a slightly negative vertical angulation.

D in a strong negative vertical angulation.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 119). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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C in a slightly negative vertical angulation.

From the following list, select the three statements associated with digital imaging.

A Sensors cannot be sterilized.

B A digital image is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object.

C Exposure times are 50% to 90% more than in traditional radiography.

D Digital imaging must be wired to function correctly.

E Assembled pictorial information with each gray value is assigned a digit in binary code.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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A Sensors cannot be sterilized.

B A digital image is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object.

E Assembled pictorial information with each gray value is assigned a digit in binary code.

The tubehead is a component of the x-ray machine that helps limit radiation to the patient in all of the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A Inherent filtration within glass tube, insulating oil, and tubehead

B Added aluminum disk filtration

C Production of both long-wavelength and short-wavelength x-rays

D Collimation with lead disk placed in the pathway of the x-ray beam E Rectangular collimated PID

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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C Production of both long-wavelength and short-wavelength x-rays

Erythema, nausea, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and loss of hair are signs and symptoms seen with
A chronic radiation exposure.

B acute radiation exposure.

C stochastic effects of radiation exposure.

D nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure.

E A and C

F B and D

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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F B and D

Which statement BEST describes changes to the atom during the ionizing process?
A The atom gains an electron and will have a negative charge.

B The atom gains an electron and will have a positive charge.

C The atom loses an electron and will have a negative charge.

D The atom loses an electron and will have a positive charge.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

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D The atom loses an electron and will have a positive charge.

25. For each numbered anatomic landmark, select the BEST associated radiographic description. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

The median palatine suture (1) presents as a thin radiolucent line between maxillary incisors (C). Genial tubercles (2) present as a ring-shaped radiopacity apical to mandibular incisors (A). The incisive foramen (3) is seen as a small oval or round radiolucency between the roots of maxillary incisors (G). The mylohyoid ridge (4) is a dense radiopaque band extending downward from the mandibular molar region toward mandibular premolars (B). The mental foramen (5) is seen as a small oval or round radiolucency apical to the mandibular premolar area and is frequently mistaken for periapical pathology (E). The floor of the nasal cavity (6) presents as a dense radiopaque band of bone seen apical to the maxillary incisor region (F). The coronoid process (7) is a triangular radiopacity sometimes seen superimposed over the maxillary tuberosity or may be seen slightly inferior to the maxillary tuberosity (D).

26. Order each tissue in order of radiosensitivity, from most sensitive to least sensitive. Match each letter with its proper sequence number. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Reproductive tissue (D) is the most radiosensitive because of the high mitotic rate of cell turnover. The higher the reproductive rate of a cell, the higher is the radiosensitivity. Lymphatic tissue and bone marrow (E) are the second most radiosensitive because of high cell turnover. Oral mucosal epithelium (B) is the third most radiosensitive as it has a high cellular turnover rate. Skin (A) is the fourth most radiosensitive; it is less sensitive than oral epithelium but has a fairly high sensitivity. Mature bone and cartilage (F) are the fifth most radiosensitive and have a slow cellular turnover with fairly low sensitivity. Nerve tissue (C), the most stable of all tissue, is the sixth most radiosensitive and has low sensitivity to radiation.

27. Which factor affects contrast? A Distance B kVp C Exposure time D mA Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B kVp

28. For each numbered x-radiation interaction, select the BEST description. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 120). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

No interaction (1) is responsible for producing the densities on the receptor or film (D). In coherent scatter (2), no loss of energy and no ionization occur when this low-energy photon interacts with an outer shell electron; the unaffected photon changes direction (F). In the photoelectric effect (3), ionization takes place when photons are absorbed by patient tissues (E). In the Compton scatter (4), ionization takes place when the photon ejects an outer shell electron, resulting in the loss of energy for the photon and a negative charged electron; the low-energy photon changes direction (F). In Bremsstrahlung (5), or braking, radiation, electrons stop suddenly when they hit the anode (A). Radioactivity (6) occurs when an unstable atom releases energy (C).

ANS: 1D; 2 F; 3E; 4B; 5A; 6C

30. For each numbered term listed below, select the BEST description from the list provided. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 121). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

ANS: 1G; 2 J; 3I; 4B; 5H; 6A; 7 F; 8E; 9C;10D

31. In the formation of x-radiation, electrons that strike the nucleus of a tungsten atom produce which type of x-ray? A Low-energy B High-energy C Both high-energy and low-energy Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 121). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B High-energy

32. You wish to compare your patient’s current images with images that were taken 2 years ago. The images from 2 years ago have a yellowish-brown color. Which of the following is the cause of the yellow-brown stains? A Temperature of the water bath is colder than the developer temperature B Insufficient fixing C High developer temperature D Prolonged rinsing Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 121). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Insufficient fixing

33. Which of the following is the receptor that captures computerized images as discrete units of information? A Sensor B Film C Pixel D Bit-depth image Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 121). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

A Sensor

34. It is acknowledged that the routine performance of radiography is not recommended. Using sound professional judgment, for each numbered type of patient listed, select the recommended prescription of radiography based on the Guidelines for Prescribing Radiographs established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from the list provided. Not all guidelines will be used. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 121). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

ANS: 1H; 2D; 3E; 4A; 5G; 6B

35. Which of the following concepts are examples of the ALARA concept? (Select all that apply.) A Compliance with maximum permissible dose of radiation for the occupationally exposed worker B Use of evidence-based selection criteria for radiography for patient needs C Routinely scheduled radiography based on office protocol D Use of “D” speed film E Use of film holders F Shielding with lead thyroid collar and apron Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

A Compliance with maximum permissible dose of radiation for the occupationally exposed worker B Use of evidence-based selection criteria for radiography for patient needs E Use of film holders F Shielding with lead thyroid collar and apron

36. From the following list, select the four characteristics that describe properties of dental x-radiation. A Absorbed by matter B May cause certain substances to fluoresce C Travels at the speed of sound D Carry a positive charge E Capable of penetrating matter F Travels in straight line G May be focused to point Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

A Absorbed by matter B May cause certain substances to fluoresce E Capable of penetrating matter F Travels in straight line G May be focused to point

37. Radiation may damage cells indirectly by damaging the cell nucleus. Direct cellular damage occurs when ionization causes radiolysis of water producing hydrogen peroxide. A Both statements are true. B Both statements are false. C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Both statements are false.

38. When an x-ray photon passes through matter, which of the following situations is MOST likely to occur? A Photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C Coherent scatter D Characteristic radiation E General or Bremsstrahlung radiation F No interaction Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Compton scatter

39. From the following list, select examples of stochastic effects of radiation exposure. (Select all that apply.) A Erythema B Cancer C Hair loss D Genetic mutations E Decreased fertility Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

B Cancer D Genetic mutations

40. Radiation exposure is not of concern when it occurs in small doses. The cumulative effect of radiation exposure may lead to health problems such as cancer. A Both statements are true. B Both statements are false. C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 122). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs Flashcards

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