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human body - summary notes > OC5 - digestive system > Flashcards

OC5 - digestive system Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what are the layers of the digestive system?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

what are the tissues in the mucosa?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle

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3
Q

what is the function of the mucosa?

A

lines the gut

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4
Q

what are the tissues in the submucosa?

A

connective
nervous

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5
Q

what is the function of the submucosa?

A

blood supply, glands and nerves

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6
Q

what are the tissues in the muscularis?

A

skeletal muscle - top
smooth muscle - circular and longitudinal

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7
Q

what is the function of the muscularis?

A

peristalsis
myenteric plexus - autonomic control

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8
Q

what are the tissues in the serosa?

A

epithelial
connective

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9
Q

what is the function of the serosa?

A

connects the alimentary canal to the peritoneum

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10
Q

what are the activities within the digestive system?

A

propulsion
chemical digestion
mechanical digestion
absorption

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11
Q

what is propulsion within the digestive system?

A

swallowing - oropharynx
peristalsis - oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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12
Q

where does chemical digestion occur?

A

mouth
stomach
small intestine

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13
Q

what is mechanical digestion wthin the digestive system?

A

chewing - mouth
churning - stomach
segmentation - small intestine

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14
Q

what is absorbed in the digestive system?

A

nutrients - to lymph vessels by the small intestine
water - to blood vessels by the large intestine

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15
Q

what are the components of the alimentary canal?

A

mouth
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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16
Q

what is the function of the mouth?

A

start of the alimentary canal
mechanically breaks down food using teeth
swallowing is voluntary but after this point muscular control is involuntary

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17
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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18
Q

where is the parotid gland located?

A

inside the cheeks

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19
Q

where is the submandibular gland located?

A

beneath the jaw

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20
Q

where is the sublingual gland located?

A

under the tongue

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21
Q

what are the components of saliva?

A

saliva production is under control of the autonomic nervous system
amylase
bicarbonates & phosphates
chlorides
mucin
lysosyme

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22
Q

what is the function of amylase in saliva?

A

digests starch

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23
Q

what is the function of bicarbonates and phosphates in saliva?

A

act as buffers

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24
Q

what is the function of chlorides in saliva?

Study These Flashcards
A

activate amylase

25
what is the function of mucin in saliva?
forms mucous when dissolved in water
26
what is the function of lysosyme in saliva?
destroys bacteria
27
what is the function of the oesophagus?
food forms a bolus and moves down the oesophagus by peristalsis no digestion or absorption occurs here
28
what are the components of the stomach?
cardia fundus body pylorus
29
what is the function of the cardia in the stomach?
where food passes from the oesophagus to the stomach
30
what is the function of the fundus in the stomach?
dome-shaped stores undigested food and gasses from chemical digestion
31
what is the function of the body in the stomach?
main part of the stomach where the majority of the mixing takes place and where chyme is formed.
32
what is chyme?
a thick semi-fluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions
33
what is the function of the pylorus in the stomach?
connects the stomach to the duodenum
34
what are the components of the pyorus in the stomach?
pyloric antrum - connects to the body of the stomach pyloric canal - connects to the duodenum and contains the pyloric sphincter which controls stomach emptying.
35
what are the gastric cell types in the stomach?
mucus pariteal zymogenic enteroendocrine
36
what is the function of mucus cells in the stomach?
secrete mucus
37
what is the function of pariteal cells in the stomach?
secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
38
what is the function of zymogenic cells in the stomach?
secrete pepsinogen
39
what is the function of enteroendocrine cells in the stomach?
secrete gastrin
40
what is the function of the muscles in the stomach?
the stomach contains three layers of smooth. muscle: oblique, circular and longitudinal this allows multidirectional contractions which mix and churn chyme
41
what is the function of the small intestine?
chyme moves from the stomach into the duodenum most chemical digestion and absorption occurs here consists of: duodenum, jejunum, ileum. chyme moves through the the small intestine by peristalsis
42
what is the absorption model?
mucosa - folded into villi which are very thin to allow for rapid absorption. each villi is supplied with blood vessels to recieve the absorbed nutrients - glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals epithelial cells - folded into microvilli lacteal - absorbs fats and products of fat digestion
43
what is segmentation within the small intestine?
the small intestine relaxes and contracts the circular muscle to thoroughly mix chyme with digestive juices and brings it into contact with the intestinal wall.
44
what are the glands in the small intestine?
contains intestinal glands (krypts of lieberkuhn) which are found between villi. they secrete a slightly alkaline fluid containing water, mucus and enzymes. pancreatic juice - alkaline bile - emulsifies fats pancreatic duct and bile duct join at hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)
45
what is the function of the large intestine?
chyme moves from the small intestine to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve water absorption excretion of waste there is no villi mucosa - goblet cells secrete mucus and columnar epithelial cells for water absorption
46
what is haustral churning within the large intestine?
passage of food along the colon material accumulates in pouches called haustra which contract when full to squeeze the contents from one haustrum to another - peristalsis.
47
what are the accessory organs?
liver pancreas gallbladder
48
what is the function of the liver?
produces bile salts which emulsify fats aiding their digestion and absorption removes toxins and drugs by secreting them into bile
49
what is the function of the liver with carbohydrates?
the liver stores excess glucose as glycogen when glucose levels are high
50
what is the function of the liver with proteins?
deamination of excess amino acids to ammonia and then to urea transamination to convert one amino acid to another that is needed
51
what is the function of the liver with lipids?
stores some triglycerides converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA converts excess acetyl CoA to ketone bodies
52
what is the function of the pancreas?
produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate islets of langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes - secretin and cholecystokinin controlled by parasympathetic impulses via the vagus nerve
53
what is the function of secretin in the pancreas?
produced due to acid in the duodenum stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate into the pancreatic duct that trains into the duodenum to dilute and neutralise the HCl secreted by the stomach.
54
what is the function of cholecystokinin in the pancreas?
produced due to fats in the small intestine secreted by cells of the upper small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the small intestine stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and may induce satiety
55
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores concentrates and releases bile releases bile into the two-way cystic duct when it is needed by the small intestine
56
what is the cephalic phase?
initiated by the sight, smell, taste or thought of food results in stimulation of parasympathetic impulses by the vagus nerve increases gastric secretions and gastric motility
57
what is the gastric phase?
initiated by stretch receptors and chemoreceptors stimulation of parasympathetic impusles - waves of peristalsis secretion of gastrin - secretion of gastric juices
58
what is the intestinal phase?
initiated by chyme entering the duodenum release of hormones: GIP - inhibits gastric secretion and motility, secretin - decreases gastric secretion, CCK- secretion of bile and pancreatic juices enterogastric reflex - increases sympathetic, decreases parasympathetic

human body - summary notes (7 decks)

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