OC8: Confederation, Carte 96 Flashcards
(249 cards)
1
Q
What was Confederation?
Qu’est-ce que la Confédération ?
A
An agreement among some of the colonies of British North America to join together.
Un accord entre certaines colonies de l’Amérique du Nord britannique pour s’unir.
2
Q
What did Confederation establish regarding Canadian society?
Qu’est-ce que la Confédération a établi en ce qui concerne la société canadienne ?
A
Rules about Canadian society, including equality for French and English languages.
Règles relatives à la société canadienne, y compris l’égalité des langues française et anglaise.
3
Q
What partnership was created by Confederation?
Quel partenariat a été créé par la Confédération ?
A
A partnership between Francophones and Anglophones.
Un partenariat entre francophones et anglophones.
4
Q
What type of government was established by Confederation?
Quel type de gouvernement a été établi par la Confédération ?
A
A central government for Canada and provincial governments with important powers.
Un gouvernement central pour le Canada et des gouvernements provinciaux dotés de pouvoirs importants.
5
Q
Who was excluded from citizenship under the rules defined by Confederation?
Qui était exclu de la citoyenneté en vertu des règles définies par la Confédération ?
A
First Nations peoples.
Les peuples des Premières nations.
6
Q
True or False: Confederation recognized First Nations peoples as citizens of Canada.
Vrai ou faux : La Confédération a reconnu les peuples des Premières nations comme citoyens du Canada.
A
False
Faux
7
Q
First Nations have worked to change the idea of _______ that shaped Confederation.
Les Premières nations se sont efforcées de modifier l’idée de ______ qui a façonné la Confédération.
A
[citizenship]
citoyenneté
8
Q
Canadians today have different perspectives on the rules defined by _______.
Les Canadiens d’aujourd’hui ont des points de vue différents sur les règles définies par la ________.
A
[Confederation]
Confédération
9
Q
Who were the four key leaders of Confederation from Canada East and Canada West?
Qui sont les quatre principaux dirigeants de la Confédération du Canada-Est et du Canada-Ouest ?
A
John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, along with two other unnamed leaders.
John A. Macdonald et George-Étienne Cartier, ainsi que deux autres dirigeants anonymes.
10
Q
What special problems did Canada East and Canada West face that other colonies did not?
Quels sont les problèmes particuliers auxquels le Canada-Est et le Canada-Ouest ont été confrontés et que les autres colonies n’ont pas connus ?
A
Unique challenges that prompted the need for Confederation.
Des défis uniques qui ont rendu la Confédération nécessaire.
11
Q
Where was John A. Macdonald born?
Où est né John A. Macdonald ?
A
Scotland
Écosse
12
Q
In what year did John A. Macdonald’s parents settle in Upper Canada?
En quelle année les parents de John A. Macdonald se sont-ils installés dans le Haut-Canada ?
A
1820
13
Q
What significant event did John A. Macdonald participate in during 1837?
À quel événement important John A. Macdonald a-t-il participé en 1837 ?
A
The attack and defeat of Mackenzie’s rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern.
L’attaque et la défaite des rebelles de Mackenzie à la taverne de Montgomery.
14
Q
What was John A. Macdonald’s vision for Canada?
Quelle était la vision de John A. Macdonald pour le Canada ?
A
A nation that stretched from ‘sea to sea’ with ties to Britain.
Une nation qui s’étendait d’un océan à l’autre et qui avait des liens avec la Grande-Bretagne.
15
Q
What principle did John A. Macdonald believe in to achieve agreement?
En quel principe John A. Macdonald croyait-il pour parvenir à un accord ?
A
Accommodating people.
Accueillir les personnes.
16
Q
What key accommodation was included in Confederation regarding provinces?
Quels sont les principaux aménagements prévus par la Confédération en ce qui concerne les provinces ?
A
Granting provinces powers to control their own affairs.
Octroi aux provinces de pouvoirs leur permettant de contrôler leurs propres affaires.
17
Q
What position did John A. Macdonald hold after Confederation?
Quel poste John A. Macdonald a-t-il occupé après la Confédération ?
A
Canada’s first prime minister.
Premier ministre du Canada.
18
Q
What was George-Étienne Cartier’s background?
Quelle est la formation de George-Étienne Cartier ?
A
Came from a wealthy family of grain exporters in Canada East.
Issu d’une riche famille d’exportateurs de céréales du Canada-Est.
19
Q
What battle did George-Étienne Cartier fight in during the rebellions of 1837?
Dans quelle bataille George-Étienne Cartier a-t-il combattu lors des rébellions de 1837 ?
A
The Battle of Saint-Denis.
La bataille de Saint-Denis.
20
Q
What did Cartier advocate for within Confederation?
Que préconise Cartier au sein de la Confédération ?
A
Powers for provinces to ensure the continuation of the French language and Catholic religion.
Pouvoirs aux provinces pour assurer le maintien de la langue française et de la religion catholique.
21
Q
What role did the Catholic Church play in the politics of Canada East?
Quel rôle l’Église catholique a-t-elle joué dans la politique du Canada-Est ?
A
An influential role supported by Cartier.
Un rôle influent soutenu par Cartier.
22
Q
When did George-Étienne Cartier die?
Quand George-Étienne Cartier est-il décédé ?
A
1872
23
Q
How did John A. Macdonald react to the news of Cartier’s death?
Comment John A. Macdonald a-t-il réagi à l’annonce de la mort de Cartier ?
A
He broke down in tears.
Il a fondu en larmes.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: George-Étienne Cartier lived in _______ for a while after the rebellions.
Remplissez le vide : George-Étienne Cartier a vécu en ______ pendant un certain temps après les rébellions.
A
exile in Vermont
exil dans le Vermont
25
True or False: George-Étienne Cartier wanted Canada to become a republic like the U.S.
Vrai ou faux : George-Étienne Cartier voulait que le Canada devienne une république comme les États-Unis.
False
Faux
26
Where did George Brown come from?
D'où vient George Brown ?
Canada West
## Footnote
George Brown immigrated to North America from Scotland during the Great Migration.
Canada Ouest
## Note de bas de page
George Brown a immigré d'Écosse en Amérique du Nord au cours de la Grande Migration.
27
What newspaper did George Brown found?
Quel journal George Brown a-t-il trouvé ?
Globe newspaper
## Footnote
The Globe newspaper later became known as the Globe and Mail.
Journal du Globe
## Note de bas de page
Le journal Globe est devenu plus tard le Globe and Mail.
28
What was George Brown's initial stance on Confederation?
Quelle est la position initiale de George Brown sur la Confédération ?
He did not support it
## Footnote
Brown believed that the Province of Canada needed representation by population instead.
Il ne l'a pas soutenue
## Note de bas de page
Brown pensait que la province du Canada devait plutôt être représentée en fonction de sa population.
29
What did 'rep by pop' mean in the context of George Brown's beliefs?
Que signifiait l'expression "rep by pop" dans le contexte des convictions de George Brown ?
Representation by population
## Footnote
This would have given English-speaking Canadians a majority in the assembly of the Canadas.
Représentation par population
## Note de bas de page
Cela aurait donné aux Canadiens anglophones une majorité à l'Assemblée des Canadas.
30
Who did George Brown often criticize in the Globe?
Qui George Brown critiquait-il souvent dans le Globe ?
John A. Macdonald
## Footnote
Brown was known for his harsh criticism, often targeting Macdonald.
John A. Macdonald
## Note de bas de page
Brown est connu pour ses critiques acerbes, qui visent souvent Macdonald.
31
How did John A. Macdonald describe the experience of being criticized by George Brown?
Comment John A. Macdonald a-t-il décrit l'expérience de la critique de George Brown ?
Like being hunted by a fiend
## Footnote
This illustrates the intensity of Brown's criticisms.
Comme être chassé par un démon
## Note de bas de page
Ceci illustre l'intensité des critiques de Brown.
32
What prompted George Brown to change his mind about Confederation in 1864?
Qu'est-ce qui a poussé George Brown à changer d'avis sur la Confédération en 1864 ?
Desire for control over Rupert's Land
## Footnote
Brown believed that uniting would help secure Rupert's Land against the United States.
Désir de contrôle sur la Terre de Rupert
## Note de bas de page
Brown pensait que l'union permettrait de protéger la Terre de Rupert contre les États-Unis.
33
What ultimately caused George Brown's death?
Qu'est-ce qui a finalement causé la mort de George Brown ?
Infected leg wound
## Footnote
The wound was inflicted by a former employee, leading to fatal complications.
Plaie infectée à la jambe
## Note de bas de page
La blessure a été infligée par un ancien employé et a entraîné des complications fatales.
34
What role did Étienne-Paschal Taché play during the Rebellions of 1837 and 1838?
Quel rôle a joué Étienne-Paschal Taché lors des rébellions de 1837 et 1838 ?
He was a patriote
## Footnote
Taché later became a strong advocate for Confederation.
Il était un patriote
## Note de bas de page
Taché est devenu par la suite un ardent défenseur de la Confédération.
35
What did Étienne-Paschal Taché believe about Canadiens and Confederation?
Que croyait Étienne-Paschal Taché au sujet des Canadiens et de la Confédération ?
They could safeguard their heritage as a province of Canada
## Footnote
He believed strong local control was important.
Ils pourraient sauvegarder leur patrimoine en tant que province du Canada
## Note de bas de page
Il estime qu'il est important d'avoir un contrôle local fort.
36
What was the 'Great Coalition'?
Qu'est-ce que la "grande coalition" ?
An alliance led by Taché and Macdonald
## Footnote
This coalition was crucial to the success of Confederation.
Une alliance menée par Taché et Macdonald
## Note de bas de page
Cette coalition a été cruciale pour le succès de la Confédération.
37
What was Taché's contribution to Confederation?
Quelle a été la contribution de Taché à la Confédération ?
Shaping and promoting many articles of Confederation
## Footnote
He was actively involved in the discussions and agreements.
Élaboration et promotion de nombreux articles de la Confédération
## Note de bas de page
Il a participé activement aux discussions et aux accords.
38
When did Étienne-Paschal Taché die?
Quand Étienne-Paschal Taché est-il décédé ?
1865
## Footnote
He passed away before the final deal of Confederation was struck.
1865
## Note de bas de page
Il est décédé avant que l'accord final de la Confédération ne soit conclu.
39
What is a political deadlock?
Qu'est-ce qu'une impasse politique ?
The inability to decide on a course of action because of disagreement among equally powerful decision makers.
## Footnote
This often occurs when two or more parties cannot reach an agreement.
L'incapacité à décider d'une ligne de conduite en raison d'un désaccord entre des décideurs de même puissance.
## Note de bas de page
Cette situation se produit souvent lorsque deux ou plusieurs parties ne parviennent pas à un accord.
40
What are the two main regions mentioned in the context of Canada?
Quelles sont les deux principales régions mentionnées dans le contexte du Canada ?
* Canada East
* Canada West
## Footnote
Canada East is associated with Francophone Canadians, while Canada West is associated with Anglophone Canadians.
* Canada Est
* Canada Ouest
## Note de bas de page
Le Canada-Est est associé aux Canadiens francophones, tandis que le Canada-Ouest est associé aux Canadiens anglophones.
41
How many seats does Canada East have in the province's assembly?
Combien de sièges le Canada-Est a-t-il à l'assemblée de la province ?
42 seats
## Footnote
Canada West also has 42 seats, leading to equal representation.
42 sièges
## Note de bas de page
Canada West dispose également de 42 sièges, ce qui conduit à une représentation égale.
42
What is the significance of equal numbers of seats in the assembly?
Quelle est l'importance d'un nombre égal de sièges dans l'assemblée ?
It encourages the development of political deadlocks.
## Footnote
This is due to the equal representation of Francophone and Anglophone Canadians with differing priorities.
Elle favorise le développement de blocages politiques.
## Note de bas de page
Ceci est dû à la représentation égale des Canadiens francophones et anglophones ayant des priorités différentes.
43
True or False: A political deadlock can occur in a situation where there is a clear majority opinion.
Vrai ou faux : Une impasse politique peut se produire dans une situation où il existe une opinion majoritaire claire.
False
## Footnote
A political deadlock occurs when there is no majority agreement among decision makers.
Faux
## Note de bas de page
Une impasse politique se produit lorsqu'il n'y a pas d'accord majoritaire entre les décideurs.
44
Fill in the blank: The political structure of the province of Canada under the Act of Union encouraged the development of _______.
Remplissez le vide : La structure politique de la province du Canada sous l'Acte d'Union a favorisé le développement de _________.
[political deadlocks]
blocages politiques
45
What were the concerns of the parents regarding school uniforms in the example provided?
Quelles étaient les préoccupations des parents concernant les uniformes scolaires dans l'exemple fourni ?
* Promoting equality
* Personal freedom of choice
## Footnote
Parents were divided on the issue, leading to a hypothetical political deadlock.
* Promotion de l'égalité
* La liberté de choix personnelle
## Note de bas de page
Les parents étaient divisés sur la question, ce qui a conduit à une hypothétique impasse politique.
46
What did Canadiens protect despite the Act of Union?
Qu'est-ce que les Canadiens ont protégé malgré l'Acte d'Union ?
Their language and religion
## Footnote
The Act of Union aimed to assimilate Canadiens, but they maintained their cultural identities.
Leur langue et leur religion
## Note de bas de page
L'Acte d'Union visait à assimiler les Canadiens, mais ceux-ci ont conservé leur identité culturelle.
47
What did Canadiens need from any new political arrangement?
Qu'attendaient les Canadiens d'un nouvel accord politique ?
A guarantee that their rights would be recognized and respected
## Footnote
This was crucial for maintaining their distinct identity.
La garantie que leurs droits seront reconnus et respectés
## Note de bas de page
Cette garantie était cruciale pour le maintien de leur identité distincte.
48
Who were some Canadien leaders that believed Confederation offered the best guarantee?
Quels sont les dirigeants canadiens qui croient que la Confédération offre la meilleure garantie ?
George-Étienne Cartier and Étienne-Paschal Taché
## Footnote
They viewed Confederation as a means to secure rights under a new constitution.
George-Étienne Cartier et Étienne-Paschal Taché
## Note de bas de page
Ils considèrent la Confédération comme un moyen de garantir les droits en vertu d'une nouvelle constitution.
49
What opportunity did Confederation provide for Canadiens according to some leaders?
Quelle opportunité la Confédération a-t-elle offert aux Canadiens selon certains leaders ?
To secure the rights needed to retain their distinct identity
## Footnote
This included making those rights law under a new constitution.
Obtenir les droits nécessaires pour conserver leur identité distincte
## Note de bas de page
Il s'agissait notamment de faire de ces droits une loi dans le cadre d'une nouvelle constitution.
50
Who was the leader of the Parti Rouge in Canada East?
Qui était le chef du Parti Rouge au Canada-Est ?
Antoine-Aimé Dorion
## Footnote
He expressed concerns about the implications of Confederation.
Antoine-Aimé Dorion
## Note de bas de page
Il a exprimé des inquiétudes quant aux implications de la Confédération.
51
What was Antoine-Aimé Dorion's concern regarding Confederation?
Quelle était la préoccupation d'Antoine-Aimé Dorion à l'égard de la Confédération ?
It would give the federal government too much power
## Footnote
He feared this could override the rights of Canadiens in Canada East.
Elle donnerait au gouvernement fédéral trop de pouvoir
## Note de bas de page
Il craignait que cela ne l'emporte sur les droits des Canadiens du Canada-Est.
52
What did Dorion warn Canadiens about in relation to Confederation?
De quoi Dorion a-t-il mis en garde les Canadiens au sujet de la Confédération ?
"We shall be at its mercy."
## Footnote
This statement reflects his fears of losing autonomy.
"Nous serons à sa merci.
## Note de bas de page
Cette déclaration reflète ses craintes de perdre son autonomie.
53
What minority group in Canada East sought to affirm its rights?
Quel groupe minoritaire au Canada Est a cherché à affirmer ses droits ?
An English-speaking, Protestant minority
## Footnote
They sought to ensure schools for their community.
Une minorité anglophone et protestante
## Note de bas de page
Ils ont cherché à garantir des écoles pour leur communauté.
54
What did both the Francophone, Catholic majority and the English-speaking minority want?
Que voulaient la majorité francophone et catholique et la minorité anglophone ?
Schools to serve their communities
## Footnote
Both groups aimed to protect their educational rights.
Des écoles au service de leur communauté
## Note de bas de page
Les deux groupes cherchaient à protéger leurs droits en matière d'éducation.
55
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a promise with legal backing.
Remplissez les blancs : Une _____ est une promesse assortie d'un support juridique.
guarantee
garantie
56
Fill in the blank: To _______ means to get or make sure of something.
Remplissez les blancs : _______ signifie obtenir ou s'assurer de quelque chose.
secure
Sécuriser
57
Fill in the blank: A _______ is the official set of rules about how a country is governed.
Remplissez les blancs : Une _______ est l'ensemble des règles officielles qui régissent le gouvernement d'un pays.
constitution
constitution
58
What is represented in the 1866 cartoon from Québec newspaper La Scie?
Que représente cette caricature de 1866 du journal québécois La Scie ?
The cartoonist's view on Confederation
## Footnote
Analysis of the cartoon can reveal support or opposition to Confederation.
Le point de vue du caricaturiste sur la Confédération
## Note de bas de page
L'analyse de la caricature peut révéler un soutien ou une opposition à la Confédération.
59
Which British colonies were concerned about joining Canada?
Quelles sont les colonies britanniques qui s'inquiètent de leur rattachement au Canada ?
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island
Nouvelle-Écosse, Nouveau-Brunswick, Terre-Neuve et Île-du-Prince-Édouard
60
What was the main concern of these colonies regarding joining Canada East and Canada West?
Quelle était la principale préoccupation de ces colonies concernant le rattachement du Canada-Est et du Canada-Ouest ?
They worried about losing their independent character
Ils craignaient de perdre leur indépendance
61
How did the populations of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island compare to the Canadas?
Comment les populations de la Nouvelle-Écosse, du Nouveau-Brunswick, de Terre-Neuve et de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard se comparent-elles à celles du Canada ?
They had small populations compared to the Canadas
Leur population était peu nombreuse par rapport à celle du Canada
62
What did the colonies fear regarding their power in a partnership with the Canadas?
Que craignent les colonies quant à leur pouvoir dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec les Canadas ?
They feared the Canadas would dominate them and take away their decision-making powers
Ils craignaient que les Canadiens ne les dominent et ne leur enlèvent leur pouvoir de décision
63
What financial concern did the colonies have about becoming part of a new country?
Quelle inquiétude financière les colonies avaient-elles à l'idée de faire partie d'un nouveau pays ?
It would be expensive to create and pay for a new 'general government' established by Confederation
Il serait coûteux de créer et de financer un nouveau "gouvernement général" établi par la Confédération
64
What expenses would the colonies incur under Confederation?
Quelles sont les dépenses que les colonies devront supporter dans le cadre de la Confédération ?
* Payment for a lieutenant governor
* Share of costs for a new general government
* New governor general
* New foreign diplomatic service
* Rémunération d'un lieutenant-gouverneur
* Participation aux coûts d'un nouveau gouvernement général
* Nouveau gouverneur général
* Nouveau service diplomatique étranger
65
What would happen to the revenue currently collected by the colonies under Confederation?
Qu'adviendrait-il des recettes actuellement perçues par les colonies dans le cadre de la Confédération ?
It would be placed at the disposal of the general government
Il serait mis à la disposition du gouvernement général
66
True or False: The colonies already paid for a local legislature before Confederation.
Vrai ou faux : Les colonies payaient déjà pour une législature locale avant la Confédération.
True
Vrai
67
Fill in the blank: The people of the colonies worried about the costs associated with establishing a new _______.
Remplissez le vide : Les habitants des colonies s'inquiètent des coûts liés à l'établissement d'un nouveau __________.
general government
gouvernement général
68
What is annexation?
Qu'est-ce que l'annexion ?
Takeover of a territory by another country
## Footnote
This term specifically refers to the process where one state or entity claims sovereignty over territory previously under the jurisdiction of another.
Prise de contrôle d'un territoire par un autre pays
## Note de bas de page
Ce terme fait spécifiquement référence au processus par lequel un État ou une entité revendique la souveraineté sur un territoire précédemment sous la juridiction d'un autre.
69
What concern did British North America have regarding the United States?
Quelle est la préoccupation de l'Amérique du Nord britannique à l'égard des États-Unis ?
Worried about American annexation
## Footnote
This concern stemmed from the fear of being absorbed into the United States, losing their identity and governance.
Inquiet de l'annexion américaine
## Note de bas de page
Cette inquiétude provient de la crainte d'être absorbés par les États-Unis, de perdre leur identité et leur gouvernance.
70
How can Canadian cartoons be utilized in a classroom setting?
Comment les dessins animés canadiens peuvent-ils être utilisés en classe ?
To discuss the reasons behind the fear of American annexation
## Footnote
Cartoons often reflect societal attitudes and can serve as a visual aid in understanding historical fears and perspectives.
Discuter des raisons de la crainte d'une annexion par les États-Unis.
## Note de bas de page
Les caricatures reflètent souvent les attitudes de la société et peuvent servir d'aide visuelle pour comprendre les craintes et les perspectives historiques.
71
What is annexation?
Qu'est-ce que l'annexion ?
Takeover of a territory by another country
## Footnote
This term specifically refers to the process where one state or entity claims sovereignty over territory previously under the jurisdiction of another.
Prise de contrôle d'un territoire par un autre pays
## Note de bas de page
Ce terme fait spécifiquement référence au processus par lequel un État ou une entité revendique la souveraineté sur un territoire précédemment sous la juridiction d'un autre.
72
What concern did British North America have regarding the United States?
Quelle est la préoccupation de l'Amérique du Nord britannique à l'égard des États-Unis ?
Worried about American annexation
## Footnote
This concern stemmed from the fear of being absorbed into the United States, losing their identity and governance.
Inquiet de l'annexion américaine
## Note de bas de page
Cette inquiétude provient de la crainte d'être absorbés par les États-Unis, de perdre leur identité et leur gouvernance.
73
How can Canadian cartoons be utilized in a classroom setting?
Comment les dessins animés canadiens peuvent-ils être utilisés en classe ?
To discuss the reasons behind the fear of American annexation
## Footnote
Cartoons often reflect societal attitudes and can serve as a visual aid in understanding historical fears and perspectives.
Discuter des raisons de la crainte d'une annexion par les États-Unis.
## Note de bas de page
Les caricatures reflètent souvent les attitudes de la société et peuvent servir d'aide visuelle pour comprendre les craintes et les perspectives historiques.
74
What region did George Brown advocate for expanding into?
Dans quelle région George Brown a-t-il préconisé l'expansion ?
Rupert's Land
## Footnote
George Brown was concerned about American ambitions regarding Rupert's Land.
Terre de Rupert
## Note de bas de page
George Brown s'inquiète des ambitions américaines concernant la Terre de Rupert.
75
By the 1860s, what had immigrants to Canada West developed?
Dans les années 1860, qu'est-ce que les immigrants du Canada-Ouest ont développé ?
Nearly all the good farmland
## Footnote
This development was significant in the context of western expansion.
Presque toutes les bonnes terres agricoles
## Note de bas de page
Cette évolution est importante dans le contexte de l'expansion de l'Ouest.
76
What economic policy did Britain implement until 1846 regarding British North America?
Quelle politique économique la Grande-Bretagne a-t-elle mise en œuvre jusqu'en 1846 à l'égard de l'Amérique du Nord britannique ?
Regulated the economy
## Footnote
This regulation was part of the broader mercantilist system.
Réglementation de l'économie
## Note de bas de page
Cette réglementation s'inscrivait dans le cadre plus large du système mercantiliste.
77
What is mercantilism?
Qu'est-ce que le mercantilisme ?
An economic policy where colonies supply raw resources to the mother country at set prices
## Footnote
Under mercantilism, Britain used these resources to manufacture goods.
Une politique économique dans laquelle les colonies fournissent des ressources brutes à la mère patrie à des prix déterminés.
## Note de bas de page
Dans le cadre du mercantilisme, la Grande-Bretagne utilisait ces ressources pour fabriquer des biens.
78
How did mercantilism affect the prices paid for resources by Britain?
Comment le mercantilisme a-t-il affecté les prix payés pour les ressources par la Grande-Bretagne ?
Britain paid as low a price as possible
## Footnote
This was to maximize profit from colonial resources.
La Grande-Bretagne a payé le prix le plus bas possible
## Note de bas de page
Il s'agissait de maximiser le profit tiré des ressources coloniales.
79
What could colonies count on under the rules of mercantilism?
Sur quoi les colonies pouvaient-elles compter en vertu des règles du mercantilisme ?
Selling their resources to Britain
## Footnote
This created a stable market for colonial goods.
Vendre leurs ressources à la Grande-Bretagne
## Note de bas de page
Cela a permis de créer un marché stable pour les produits coloniaux.
80
Did George Brown's desire to control Rupert's Land make him more or less interested in building partnerships among the colonies?
Le désir de George Brown de contrôler la Terre de Rupert l'a-t-il rendu plus ou moins intéressé par l'établissement de partenariats entre les colonies ?
More interested
## Footnote
The control of Rupert's Land was likely a strategic priority for Brown.
Plus d'intérêt
## Note de bas de page
Le contrôle de la Terre de Rupert était probablement une priorité stratégique pour Brown.
81
What economic system did Britain begin to end during the 1840s?
Quel système économique la Grande-Bretagne a-t-elle commencé à abandonner dans les années 1840 ?
mercantilism
## Footnote
Mercantilism is a regulated economic system that made a country rich from its colonies.
mercantilisme
## Note de bas de page
Le mercantilisme est un système économique réglementé qui permettait à un pays de s'enrichir grâce à ses colonies.
82
What was the impact of Britain opening its market during the 1840s?
Quel a été l'impact de l'ouverture du marché britannique dans les années 1840 ?
It gradually opened its market to resources from all suppliers.
Elle a progressivement ouvert son marché aux ressources de tous les fournisseurs.
83
By what year did Britain only buy resources from British North America if they were the cheapest?
En quelle année la Grande-Bretagne n'achetait-elle les ressources de l'Amérique du Nord britannique que si elles étaient les moins chères ?
1846
84
What risk did the changes in Britain's market pose for grain and timber producers in British North America?
Quel risque les changements survenus sur le marché britannique ont-ils fait peser sur les producteurs de céréales et de bois de l'Amérique du Nord britannique ?
Increased competition for cheaper resources
Concurrence accrue pour des ressources moins chères
85
What was the special trading relationship called that existed between British North America and the United States until 1865?
Comment s'appelait la relation commerciale spéciale qui existait entre l'Amérique du Nord britannique et les États-Unis jusqu'en 1865 ?
Reciprocity Treaty
Traité de réciprocité
86
In what year was the Reciprocity Treaty signed?
En quelle année le traité de réciprocité a-t-il été signé ?
1854
87
What advantage did the Reciprocity Treaty provide to British North America?
Quel avantage le traité de réciprocité a-t-il procuré à l'Amérique du Nord britannique ?
It could sell its resources in the United States at competitive prices.
Elle pourrait vendre ses ressources aux États-Unis à des prix compétitifs.
88
What happened to the relationship between British North America and the United States after the end of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865?
Qu'est-il advenu des relations entre l'Amérique du Nord britannique et les États-Unis après la fin du traité de réciprocité en 1865 ?
The United States added a tariff to goods from British North America.
Les États-Unis ajoutent un droit de douane sur les marchandises en provenance de l'Amérique du Nord britannique.
89
Why would farmers and merchants in British North America see the end of the Reciprocity Treaty as a problem?
Pourquoi les agriculteurs et les marchands de l'Amérique du Nord britannique considèrent-ils la fin du traité de réciprocité comme un problème ?
Increased costs due to tariffs on their goods
Augmentation des coûts due aux droits de douane sur leurs marchandises
90
What is a tariff?
Qu'est-ce qu'un tarif ?
an extra charge
Un tarif est un supplément.
91
What was one of the important factors in negotiating Confederation?
Quel a été l'un des facteurs importants dans la négociation de la Confédération ?
Railroads
## Footnote
Railroads were crucial because they provided year-round transportation, unlike waterways that froze in winter.
Chemins de fer
## Note de bas de page
Les chemins de fer étaient essentiels car ils permettaient de transporter des marchandises tout au long de l'année, contrairement aux voies navigables qui gelaient en hiver.
92
Why were railroads preferred over the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes for transportation?
Pourquoi les chemins de fer ont-ils été préférés au fleuve Saint-Laurent et aux Grands Lacs pour le transport ?
They were 'open' all year
## Footnote
The St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes were not usable in winter due to freezing.
Ils étaient "ouverts" toute l'année
## Note de bas de page
Le fleuve Saint-Laurent et les Grands Lacs n'étaient pas utilisables en hiver en raison du gel.
93
What time period does the map depict regarding railroad development?
Quelle période la carte représente-t-elle en ce qui concerne le développement des chemins de fer ?
Early 1860s
## Footnote
This was the period at the start of the negotiations for Confederation.
Début des années 1860
## Note de bas de page
Il s'agit de la période du début des négociations pour la Confédération.
94
What geographic area is shown in the map related to railroad development?
Quelle est la zone géographique représentée sur la carte en rapport avec le développement des chemins de fer ?
British North America
## Footnote
This includes regions that were part of Canada before Confederation.
Amérique du Nord britannique
## Note de bas de page
Ceci inclut les régions qui faisaient partie du Canada avant la Confédération.
95
Fill in the blank: Railroads became one of the factors important in negotiating _______.
Remplissez l'espace vide : Les chemins de fer sont devenus l'un des facteurs importants dans la négociation de _______.
Confederation
Confédération
96
What was a consequence of Confederation on the railroad system?
Quelle a été la conséquence de la Confédération sur le système ferroviaire ?
Additions to this system
## Footnote
Confederation likely led to increased infrastructure development to connect provinces.
Ajouts à ce système
## Note de bas de page
La Confédération a probablement entraîné un développement accru des infrastructures pour relier les provinces entre elles.
97
True or False: The St. Lawrence River was a reliable transportation method during winter.
False
## Footnote
The river froze in winter, making it unreliable for transport.
98
What does the map illustrate about the infrastructure in the United Province of Canada in the 1860s?
Concentration of infrastructure
## Footnote
The map shows the extent of railroad development prior to and during Confederation.
99
What was the purpose of the Charlottetown Conference?
To discuss uniting the three Maritime provinces into one colony with one legislature.
## Footnote
The three provinces were New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
100
What concept emerged from the Charlottetown Conference?
Confederation, the proposed union of all British North America into a single political unit.
## Footnote
Newfoundland had no representatives at the conference but plans to attend future meetings.
101
Which provinces were originally intended to be united at the Charlottetown Conference?
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
## Footnote
The Province of Canada was included last minute, expanding the scope of discussions.
102
What was the atmosphere like during the evenings of the Charlottetown Conference?
Relaxation and socializing, contributing to a mood of warmth and camaraderie.
## Footnote
Many believe the success of the conference was enhanced by these gatherings.
103
What type of transportation brought delegates to the Charlottetown Conference?
A luxury steamer named Queen Victoria.
## Footnote
It brought delegates from Canada East and Canada West to Charlottetown.
104
True or False: Newfoundland was represented at the Charlottetown Conference.
False.
## Footnote
Sources indicate that Newfoundland plans to attend future meetings.
105
Fill in the blank: The concept of confederation involves the union of all ________ North America into a single political unit.
British
## Footnote
Confederation was proposed as a means to unify the various colonies.
106
Who were two notable political figures mentioned as having differences but recognizing each other's strengths?
Mr. Brown and Mr. Macdonald.
## Footnote
They were described as cozy traveling companions despite their past rivalry.
107
What activities did the delegates engage in during their journey to Charlottetown?
Playing chess and backgammon, reading, and visiting.
## Footnote
This was part of the camaraderie that developed among the delegates.
108
What was noted about the food on the steamer that brought delegates to the conference?
The food was fabulous.
## Footnote
This contributed to the enjoyable experience of the journey.
109
What did the crew member of the Queen Victoria say about the trip?
They had a great time since leaving the dock at Québec.
## Footnote
The trip fostered a positive environment among the delegates.
110
What event took place on the final night of the Charlottetown Conference?
A glittery grand dance.
111
What date did the Charlottetown Conference begin?
September 1.
112
Who held a large dinner party for the visiting delegates?
PEI's Lieutenant-Governor Dundas.
113
Which two leaders spoke about the possible benefits of Confederation on September 2?
Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier.
114
What role did W.H. Pope have during the conference?
PEI's provincial secretary.
115
How many full days of meetings and parties did the delegates participate in?
Nine.
116
Where were the delegates expected to gather again after the Charlottetown Conference?
Quebec.
117
What was the purpose of the gathering in Quebec?
To iron out the specific details of Confederation.
118
Where would the new constitutional package be presented for final approval?
At a conference in London.
119
How long may it take for the deal to be finalized after the conference?
Two or three years.
120
Fill in the blank: The delegates are well on the way to a new, united _______.
British North America.
121
What did the colonies involved in the Confederation negotiations want to protect?
Regional rights
122
What was the main concern of the colonies regarding central government?
They did not want to create a central government that took away the power of each region
123
What provinces were created as a result of Confederation in 1867?
* Ontario (formerly Canada West)
* Québec (formerly Canada East)
* Nova Scotia
* New Brunswick
124
In what year did Canada achieve Confederation?
1867
125
Fill in the blank: Confederation created the provinces of Ontario, Québec, ________, and New Brunswick.
[Nova Scotia]
126
True or False: The colonies wanted a strong central government at the time of Confederation negotiations.
False
127
Canada in 1867 map
128
What does the term 'jeopardize' mean?
To threaten
## Footnote
This term indicates putting something at risk or in danger.
129
In 1865, what concerns did the people of Canada East have about Confederation?
They feared their individuality, institutions, and laws might be threatened
## Footnote
Canada East had a different language, nationality, and religion compared to the majority.
130
What was the reaction of Canada East to proposals that jeopardized their individuality?
Such proposals would not be received with favour
## Footnote
This indicates a strong desire to maintain their distinct identity.
131
How did the Maritime provinces feel about losing their individuality in the context of Confederation?
They were as disinclined as Canada East to lose their individuality
## Footnote
Despite being English-speaking and having British laws.
132
What conclusion did John A. Macdonald reach regarding Confederation?
They must either abandon Confederation or devise a way to preserve provinces as separate political organizations
## Footnote
This highlights the need for compromise to maintain regional identities.
133
Who were the primary authors of the British North America Act (BNA Act)?
John A. Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier
## Footnote
They played a crucial role in establishing Confederation.
134
What did the British North America Act (BNA Act) accomplish?
It created the Dominion of Canada
## Footnote
Formed from the former colonies of Canada East, Canada West, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
135
Which provinces declined to join Confederation in 1867?
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland
## Footnote
Both feared disadvantages, particularly from increased taxation.
136
Fill in the blank: The British North America Act was passed in _______.
1867
## Footnote
This act was crucial for the establishment of Canada as a nation.
137
What power did the BNA Act give to the federal government?
The power to make laws for the 'peace, order and good government' of Canada.
138
What division of powers was established by the BNA Act?
A division of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments.
139
Which languages were established as the languages of Canada's parliament by the BNA Act?
French and English.
140
What type of schools did the BNA Act guarantee for religious minorities?
Public schools for the Protestant minority in Québec and for the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada.
141
How did the BNA Act correlate religion-based rights with language divisions in Canada?
Most Protestants spoke English and most Catholics spoke French.
142
What future power was granted to the federal government regarding religious minorities?
The power to protect the rights of Catholic or Protestant minorities in any province.
143
List some of the powers established for the federal government by the BNA Act.
* Public property
* Defence
* Regulation of trade
* Post office
* Aboriginal peoples
* Criminal law
* Fisheries
* Navigation
* Banks
* Agriculture
* Immigration
* Taxation
144
What system of representation was established for Canada's House of Commons?
Representation by population.
145
Which province received the most seats in the House of Commons due to representation by population?
Ontario.
146
What type of school is defined as a public school?
A school whose funds come from 'public money' (taxes paid to a government).
147
What infrastructure project did the BNA Act guarantee funding for?
A railway linking the Maritimes with central Canada.
148
List some of the powers established for provincial governments by the BNA Act.
* Local affairs
* Civil law
* Health and welfare
* Education
* Natural resources
149
What was the effect of the division of powers established by the BNA Act?
It applied to all the provinces of Canada.
150
Fill in the blank: The BNA Act established the federal government’s power to make laws for _______.
[peace, order and good government]
151
What were the economic connections of the Maritimes?
Strong economic connections with Britain and British colonies in the Caribbean based on trade by sea.
152
What kind of connection did the Maritimes have with Canada East and West?
Almost no connection with Canada East and West, in the interior of North America.
153
What economic benefits were offered to the Maritimes to join Confederation?
Economic benefits included a railway to link the Maritimes with the interior and funding for roads, bridges, and other development.
154
How did the voters of Nova Scotia feel about joining Confederation?
The decision to join Confederation was unpopular with the voters of Nova Scotia.
155
Who was the leader of Nova Scotia's assembly that decided to join Canada?
Charles Tupper.
156
What did Joseph Howe predict about Nova Scotia's identity?
Predicted that Nova Scotia would 'lose its identity' as part of Canada.
157
What was the outcome of the elections following Confederation in Nova Scotia?
Anti-Confederation candidates won 36 of the 38 seats in the Nova Scotia legislature and 18 of Nova Scotia's 19 seats in Canada's parliament.
158
Fill in the blank: The end of _______ affected global trade patterns.
[mercantilism]
159
True or False: The Maritimes had strong connections with Canada East and West.
False
160
What year did Thomas Moore enter the Regina Residential School?
1897
161
Why do many First Nations people prefer not to use the word 'Indian'?
They prefer not to use it except to identify those recognized by Canada's Indian Act
162
What was the purpose of the Gradual Civilization Act passed in 1857?
To require First Nations peoples to give up their ways of life to become citizens with the right to vote
163
What was the outcome for First Nations people under the Gradual Civilization Act?
Very few chose to become citizens under those terms
164
What did the British North America Act of 1867 establish regarding First Nations?
It made First Nations peoples a responsibility of Canada's federal government
165
Did the Confederation negotiations consult First Nations for their views?
No
166
Until what year did Canada's government not allow people with legal status as Indians to vote?
1960
167
What was required for First Nations people to vote before 1960?
They had to give up their legal status as Indians
168
Fill in the blank: The Gradual Civilization Act was passed in _______.
1857
169
True or False: First Nations were consulted during the Confederation negotiations.
False
170
List two items that became the responsibility of Canada's federal government along with First Nations peoples after Confederation.
* Postal service
* First Nations peoples
171
What year did Canada's Aboriginal peoples successfully lobby for recognition of their rights in the constitution?
1982
## Footnote
This recognition was significant for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
172
What does Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution state?
The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed
## Footnote
This includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
173
Who was the Cree politician that helped defeat the Meech Lake Accord?
Elijah Harper
## Footnote
Harper's actions were pivotal in the fight for First Nations' inclusion.
174
What was the main reason Elijah Harper opposed the Meech Lake Accord?
It had been negotiated without consulting First Nations
## Footnote
This mirrored the lack of consultation during the BNA Act.
175
What was the consequence of Elijah Harper's action against the Meech Lake Accord?
The accord was guaranteed to be dead
## Footnote
His action prevented Manitoba's legislature from ratifying the accord.
176
What two approvals were necessary for the Meech Lake Accord to change Canada's constitution?
Manitoba's legislature and Newfoundland's approval
## Footnote
Both jurisdictions ultimately rejected the accord.
177
Define 'constitution' in the context of Canada.
The official set of rules about how a country is governed
## Footnote
This framework outlines the governance structure and rights within Canada.
178
Fill in the blank: The Aboriginal peoples of Canada include _______.
First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples
## Footnote
These groups have distinct rights and identities recognized in the constitution.
179
True or False: The Meech Lake Accord was successfully ratified by Manitoba's legislature.
False
## Footnote
Elijah Harper's actions ensured it was not ratified.
180
Map of British North America in 1867
181
What four provinces were included in Canada in 1867?
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
## Footnote
These provinces were the original members of the Canadian Confederation.
182
What was the difference between colonies and territories in Canada?
Colonies had well-established British settlements; territories had very few British settlers.
## Footnote
Colonies had governments advised or elected by colonists, while territories were governed by appointed British officials.
183
How did British Columbia, PEl, and Newfoundland join Confederation?
Through agreements among the colonists, Britain, and Canada.
## Footnote
They joined as provinces with elected provincial governments.
184
What was the expected governance model for the territories when they became part of Canada?
Canada's government expected to control the territories directly without establishing elected assemblies.
## Footnote
This was in contrast to the governance model of the colonies.
185
What pivotal moment occurred in Manitoba regarding Confederation?
People in Manitoba objected to Canada's plans and won the right to join Confederation as a province.
## Footnote
This event is explored in detail in Chapter 9.
186
What led to Alberta and Saskatchewan becoming provinces?
The growth of the settler population in the territories.
## Footnote
The history of western Canada's settlement and the creation of these provinces is discussed in Chapter 10.
187
What is the focus of this chapter regarding British Columbia, PEl, and Newfoundland?
The factors that led to their joining Confederation.
## Footnote
This chapter details the negotiations and motivations behind their inclusion.
188
What provinces joined Canada in 1867?
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
## Footnote
These provinces negotiated the original Confederation agreement.
189
Which province demanded to join Canada as a province rather than a territory?
Manitoba
## Footnote
Manitoba refused to be transferred to Canada as a territory.
190
In what year did British Columbia join Canada as a province?
1871
## Footnote
British Columbia's entry into Confederation occurred in 1871.
191
What year did Prince Edward Island join Canada as a province?
1873
## Footnote
Prince Edward Island became a province in 1873.
192
Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from territory transferred to Canada in which chapter?
Chapter 10
## Footnote
This chapter discusses the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
193
When did Newfoundland join Canada as a province?
1949
## Footnote
Newfoundland became a province in 1949.
194
What significant change occurred in Canada in 1965?
This became Canada's flag
## Footnote
The flag was adopted well after Confederation and sparked controversy.
195
True or False: The Canadian flag includes symbols representing its two founding nations.
False
## Footnote
The flag remains neutral regarding the symbols of the Canadiens and the British.
196
Fill in the blank: The original Confederation agreement was negotiated by _____, _____, _____, and _____ in 1867.
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
## Footnote
These provinces were the first to join Canada.
197
What was the reason for British Columbia becoming a colony?
British settlerment along the west coast following the voyages of British explorer George Vancouver from 1792 to 1795.
## Footnote
The first colonists primarily engaged in the fur trade, supported by forts established by the Hudson's Bay Company.
198
What economic change occurred in British Columbia in 1857?
A gold rush began.
## Footnote
The colony borrowed money to build roads and railways to mining centers, relying on gold to repay the debt.
199
What happened to the economy of British Columbia by 1867?
British Columbia was in economic trouble.
## Footnote
Many people felt it had no future as a British colony.
200
In what year did the U.S. purchase Alaska from Russia?
1867.
201
What geographic relationship did British Columbia have with Alaska after the U.S. purchased it?
BC seemed like a natural geographic bridge between Alaska and the rest of the U.S.
## Footnote
This geographic fact placed pressure on BC regarding its future as a British colony.
202
What were the two main options considered by colonists for British Columbia's future?
Joining Canada or joining the United States.
203
What geographic concern did some colonists have about joining Canada?
The geographic divide between BC and the four provinces of Canada was considered too great.
204
Who was largely overlooked in the decision-making about BC's future?
The First Nations.
205
What did Canada's government encourage BC to do?
Join Confederation.
206
What was the vision of the fathers of Confederation regarding the nation?
A nation that stretched from 'sea to sea.'
207
What financial commitment did the fathers of Confederation make to BC?
To pay off the colony's loans.
208
What infrastructure project was promised to link BC to Canada?
A railway linking BC to the four provinces of Canada in the east.
209
Fill in the blank: Few colonists thought about consulting the _______ whose lives and lands the decision would affect.
First Nations
210
What significant event did the Nisga'a conclude in 1998?
They concluded a treaty with the governments of BC and Canada
## Footnote
This was BC's first treaty with a First Nation.
211
Who was a prominent leader advocating for Nisga'a rights?
Dr. Joseph Gosnell
## Footnote
He was a key figure in the Nisga'a campaign for recognition.
212
What was the stance of the BC government towards First Nations land rights?
The BC government refused to recognize their rights
## Footnote
This refusal directly affected First Nations after BC joined Canada.
213
What did Dr. Joseph Gosnell claim the Nisga'a Treaty represented?
A triumph for all British Columbians
## Footnote
He emphasized the importance of the Treaty for social, economic, and political participation.
214
In what year did the Nisga'a ancestors journey to Victoria to address land rights?
1887
## Footnote
This journey was significant in their long campaign for rights.
215
Who was the premier that barred the Nisga'a from the legislature in 1887?
Premier Smithe
## Footnote
His rejection highlighted the colonial mindset of the time.
216
What historical perspective did Dr. Joseph Gosnell provide regarding the Nisga'a nation?
The Nisga'a is an old nation, as old as any in Europe
## Footnote
This statement emphasizes the long-standing history and rights of the Nisga'a people.
217
Fill in the blank: The Nisga'a Treaty allowed the Nisga'a people to join Canada and British Columbia as _______.
[free citizens]
## Footnote
This marked a significant change in their status and rights.
218
True or False: The Nisga'a Treaty was the first treaty signed between a First Nation and the government of British Columbia.
True
## Footnote
This treaty set a precedent for future agreements.
219
What emotions did the sound of Nisga'a drumming and singing evoke during the legislative event?
Joy and freedom
## Footnote
This was a significant cultural expression marking the occasion.
220
What economic trouble did Prince Edward Island face in the early 1870s?
The colony's government had borrowed money to build a railway, but the economy became weaker as Britain and the U.S. ended their special trading relationships with British North America.
## Footnote
The railway was intended to strengthen the island's economy.
221
Why did many farmers in Prince Edward Island struggle economically?
Many island farmers did not own the land they farmed and had to pay rent to British landowners, which took part of the island's earnings every year.
## Footnote
This created a burden on local farmers, affecting their financial stability.
222
What did Prince Edward Island hope to achieve by joining Confederation in 1873?
PEI hoped that Confederation would solve its economic problems.
## Footnote
Canada also wanted PEI to join to prevent it from joining the United States.
223
What financial agreements did Canada make with Prince Edward Island during Confederation?
Canada agreed to pay for the colony's railway and to provide money to buy the island's farmland from its British owners.
## Footnote
This was part of the effort to improve PEI's economic situation.
224
What transportation service did Canada agree to provide for Prince Edward Island?
A year-round ferry service between the island and the mainland.
## Footnote
This was crucial for trade and connectivity.
225
Fill in the blank: Many farmers in PEI paid _______ to landowners in Britain.
[rent]
226
True or False: The railway built in PEI in the early 1870s successfully strengthened the economy.
False
## Footnote
The economy weakened despite the investment in the railway.
227
What year did Newfoundland first reject Confederation?
1867
228
What year did Newfoundland reject Confederation for the second time?
1869
229
What was Newfoundland's government status for almost sixty years after rejecting Confederation?
Colony of Britain with an elected government
230
What were the main economic activities of Newfoundland's economy?
* Trade in fish
* Trade in timber
231
What global event in the 1930s significantly impacted Newfoundland's economy?
Great Depression
232
What year did Britain take direct control of Newfoundland's affairs?
1934
233
Until when did Newfoundland remain under British control?
After World War II
234
How did World War II affect Newfoundland's economy?
Boosted its economy due to increased demand for products
235
What was the main product Newfoundland supplied during World War II?
Products for Britain from North America
236
What year did some Newfoundlanders want to regain their independence after World War II?
1945
237
What concern did some Newfoundlanders have regarding independence after World War II?
Return of hard times
238
What did Britain state about assisting Newfoundland after World War II?
Could no longer assist if Newfoundland faced difficulties
239
Fill in the blank: The Great Depression was the global economic slowdown that occurred between _______.
[1929 and 1939]
240
Fill in the blank: World War I was a global war that took place between _______.
[1939 and 1945]
241
In what way might Newfoundland's economy, centered on fishing, have shaped the identity of Newfoundlanders?
[Open-ended question for discussion]
242
What year did Newfoundland put its future to a vote?
1948
243
What were the two choices on the ballot for Newfoundland's future?
1. Responsible government
2. Joining Canada
244
What decision did Newfoundlanders make in the 1948 vote?
Decided to join Canada
245
How did Canada's government respond to Newfoundland's decision?
Supported the decision
246
What was Canada concerned about if Newfoundlanders did not choose Confederation?
They might join the U.S.
247
What did some Newfoundlanders want to keep open by choosing 'responsible government'?
The option to join the U.S.
248
What promises did Canada's government make to build support for Confederation?
* Pay most of the colony's debts
* Provide money to develop Newfoundland's economy
* Link Newfoundland to Canada with a ferry service
249
What role did newspapers in Newfoundland play regarding the issue of Newfoundland's future?
Took strong stands on the issue
