OCC - 2nd Semester: 1st Grading Assessment Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
The simple sending and receiving of messages
A
Communication
2
Q
Ways in which communication can be done
A
Verbally, non-verbally, visually
2
Q
Aim of communication
A
shared understanding
2
Q
Any process in which people generate shared meanings using symbols
A
Communication
2
Q
Elements of communication
A
Sender
Receiver
Channel
Message
Feedback
Noise
Setting
2
Q
The people involved in the communication process
A
Sender-receivers
2
Q
they have information they want to share
A
sender-receivers
2
Q
the ideas or information that the sender-receivers want to share
A
messages
3
Q
the route travelled by a message or the means a message uses to reach the sender-receiver
A
channel
3
Q
the response of the sender-receivers to each other
A
feedback
3
Q
types of feedback that you may receive
A
positive, negative, constructive, nonverbal, verbal
3
Q
interference that keeps a message from being clearly understood or interpreted
A
noise
4
Q
types of noise
A
external
internal
semantic
5
Q
physical or environmental noise
A
external noise
5
Q
the communication models
A
Aristotles (5 BC) model
Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)
Schramm’s Model (1955)
5
Q
from the mind; thoughts or feelings are focused on something other than the conversation at hand
A
internal noise
6
Q
people’s emotional reactions to words
A
semantic nosie
6
Q
the context or environment in which the communication occurs
A
setting
7
Q
First and earliest model consisting of 3 elements
A
Aristotle’s model
7
Q
3 elements of Aristotle’s model
A
Sender (speaker)
Message (speech)
Receiver (listener)
8
Q
3 settings of Aristotle’s model
A
Legal
Deliberative
Ceremonial
9
Q
Occurs in courts where ordinary people defended themselves
A
Legal setting
9
Q
Occurs in political assemblies
A
Deliberative
10
Q
Occurs in celebrations held
A
Ceremonial
11
Gave the concept of noise; also called the telephone model
Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)
12
Elements of the Shannon-Weaver Model
Sender (Source)
Transmitter / Encoder
Channel + Noise
Reception / Decoder
Receiver
Feedback
13
Father of Mass Communication
Wilbur Schramm
14
Concerned with the concept that explains why communication breakdown occurs
Schramm Model (1955)
15
Asserts that communication can take place only if there is an overlap between the sender and receiver's Field of Experience
Schramm's Model (1955)
16
Everything that makes a person unique
Field of Experience
17
Modern models of communication
Linear
Interactive
Transactional
17
Proposed the modern models of communication
Adler and Rodman (2011)
18
One-way communication
Linear model
19
Absence of feedback - receiver is not able to immediately respond or it does not require feedback
Linear model
19
Also called the convergence model
Interactive model
20
The exchange of ideas take place from sender to receiver and vice-versa (alternate roles)
Interactive model
21
It is clear who the sender and receiver is in this model
Interactive model
22
More systematic model = lesser room for noise (can be rectified) and is more formal
Interactive model
23
Model that crates relationships and communities
Transactional Model
24
The roles reverse each time and the sender-receivers are called communicators
More dynamic and is the most general model of communication
- there can be 2 or more communicators involved
Transactional model
25
The only way noise can be determined
There is feedback
26
Types of non-verbal communication
Paralanguage
Colors
Symbols
Chronemics
Proxemics
Gestures
Oculesics
Posture and appearance
Facial expressions
Haptics
27
"HOW" something is said
- speechlessness
- tone
- filler words
- saying "I love you" in an angry tone
Paralanguage
28
The use of things to convey a message or feeling
- flowers = admiration
- medals = recognition
Symbols
29
The use of colors based on the meanings ascribed the the color
Signify concepts
- red = love, passion, danger
Colors
30
Chronemics
Language of time
31
Language of touch
Haptics
32
Proxemics
Language of space
33
Movement or position of the hands, arms, etc.
Gestures
34
one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face
Facial expressions
35
How one presents or carries oneself
posture and appearance
36
language and movement of the eyes
oculesics
37
Form of communication that aims to share info across different cultures and social groups
Intercultural communication
38
This describes the range of communication processes and problems that naturally occur within social contexts made up of individuals from different background
intercultural communication
39
Seeks to understand how people from and with different backgrounds interact, communicate, and perceive the world
Intercultural communation
40
_ determines how individuals encode message, choice of medium, and way messages are interpreted
Culture
41
Happens when individuals interpret/negotiate/create meanings while bringing in their cultural backgrounds
Intercultural communication
42
Focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and cultures of differnet groups of people
Intercultural communication
42
Ability of a communicator to understand and interact with other cultures by applying attitudes and values and understanding interaction skills
Intercultural competence
43
Entails the acceptance and respect for one's cultural identity and open-mindedness, as well as sensitivity to others
Intercultural Competence
43
The 5 Intercultural Competence
Empathy
Orientation of Knowledge
Display of Respect
Interaction Management
Tolerance of Ambiguity
44
Seeing the value of other cultures, regardless of their difference from your own
Display of respect
45
Showing regard for people who are different than you
- being mindful, polite, and patient
Display of respect
46
Awareness of different cultural rules and knowlede of acceptable norms/standards of behavior
- responding without judgement
- avoiding actions that may be negatively interpreted
Display of respect
47
focuses on "Knowing"
- researching, the do's and don'ts, etc.
Orientation of knowledge
48
Considering the context behind someone's message
- how someone was raised
Orientation of knowledge
49
Placing yourself in another person's shoes
- seeing from their perspective
- leads to trust and connections
- being open-minded
Empathy
49
Openness to confusion/confusing situations
Tolerance of ambiguity
50
When you may not see the value of something but tolerate it anyway
Tolerance of ambiguity
51
Avoiding anger and hostility
Showing acceptance, respect, and appreciation for diversity and differences of others culture and your own
Tolerance of ambiguity
52
focuses on behavior
- knowing when and how to talk appropriately
- how you act
Interaction management
53
Characteristics of culture
Individualistic vs Collectivist
Monochronic vs Polychronic
Uncertainty Accepting vs Rejecting
54
"I" before "We"
- individual actions and beliefs should be independent of collective thought and action
- promotes independence, self-sufficiency
Individualistic
55
Belief that people should integrate their thoughts and actions with those of a group
Collectivist
56
A society feels threatened by ambiguous (confusing) situations and tries to avoid them by formulating rules and refusing to tolerate deviance
Uncertainty Avoidance
57
Allow for the coexistence of varied beliefs
- fewer rules, more adaptive
- "bahala na" culture
- tendency to forget your own culture because it is very open
Uncertainty accepting
58
Highly structured working environments
Uncertainty Rejecting
59
Resistant to change and reluctant of risks
Uncertainty Rejecting
60
On-time culture
Monochronic
61
Time concepts for differentiating among cultures
Monochronic
Polychronic
62
Value schedules - compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates tasks, and social dimensions
- one thing at a time
Monochronic
63
Value interpersonal relationships
- multitasking
- blends personal and work time
- flexible
- contextually and relationally oriented
Polychronic (sometimes)
64
Barriers to intercultural communication
Bias
Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
65
The belief that your culture is superior to others
- using your culture as a measure that other cultures must attain
Ethnocentrism
66
How we can combat ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
67
Another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against another culture
Cultural relativism
68
Expectations or generalizations that oversimplify a culture
Stereotyping
69
Negative attitude, discrimination, or pre-conceived notions about a culture
Prejudice
70
Stereotyping + negative attitude
Prejudice
71
Focus on the purpose and adjust accordingly
Functions of communication
72
Using language/gestures/emotions to MANAGE individuals
regulation and control
73
words are usually directive, orders, or request
regulation and control
74
The 5 Functions of Communication
Regulation and Control
Motivation
Social Interaction
Emotional Expression
Information
75
authorative and firm tone/bodily action with direct eye contact
regulation and control
76
more casual and informal in terms of delivery
social interaction
77
friendly tone, teasing, relaxed bodily action
social interaction
78
clarifies what is to be done, how well they are doing, and what can be done to improve the performance
motivation
79
fosters encouragement and willingness
creates an environment of unity and teamwork
motivation
80
more formal - request = fosters initiative
*there is a choice to do or not to do
motivation
81
there is a healthy and balanced boundary between sender-receiver and respect is given and earned
- professional tone and body language
motivation
82
shows frustrations or satisfactions = fulfillment of personal and social needs
emotional expression
83
sense of openness and ease
- fosters friendship and confidence
- whatever facial exp/paralanguage is applied and accepted
emotional expression
84
the goal is to inform and be informed
information function
85
facilitates understanding and decision-making
- provides facts and data
information
86
- formal
- attention and sincerity
- uses necessary body language and hand signals
information
87
helps identify and evaluate alternative choices
Information
