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MT12 LEC > Occupational Risks > Flashcards

Occupational Risks Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three primary bloodborne pathogens of concern?

A

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

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2
Q

Which hepatitis virus has an 85% chance of progressing to a chronic state?

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).

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3
Q

Which virus can survive for at least one week in dried blood on surfaces and instruments?

A

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

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4
Q

True or False. HIV can survive outside the human body and reproduce in dried blood.

A

False. HIV cannot survive long outside a human host.

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5
Q

True or False. Hepatitis B Virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family.

A

False. HBV is a DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family.

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6
Q

True or False. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has a low risk of exposure for healthcare workers.

A

True

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7
Q

Give three modes of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

A

Parenteral (blood exposure), sexual contact, perinatal (mother to child).

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8
Q

List four signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection.

A

Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, joint pain, jaundice.

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9
Q

What are four preventive measures for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection?

A

Screening of blood donors, treating plasma-derived products, infection-control measures, immunization with the HBV vaccine.

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10
Q

Name two major complications of chronic Hepatitis B and C infections.

A

Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).

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11
Q

List three former names for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

A
  • HTLV-III (Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III)
  • Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV)
  • AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV).
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12
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms found in blood that can cause disease in humans.

A

bloodborne pathogens

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13
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis B?

A

A DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family

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14
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?

A

45-90 days.

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15
Q

What percentage of Hepatitis B cases may develop chronic hepatitis?

A

10-90%.

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16
Q

How long can Hepatitis B survive in dried blood?

A

At least one week.

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17
Q

An enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus from the Flaviviridae family.

A

Hepatitis C

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18
Q

What percentage of Hepatitis C cases may develop chronic infection?

A

85%

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19
Q

What is the etiologic agent of AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

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20
Q

What part of the body does HIV attack?

A

The immune system cells.

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21
Q

Once transmitted, what does HIV use to multiply?

A

The immune system

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22
Q

Can HIV survive outside the human body?

A

No, it cannot survive long or reproduce outside the human host.

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23
Q

How does HIV-2 differ from HIV-1?

A

HIV-2 is a related but genetically distinct virus, mainly found in West Africa, less pathogenic, and has a lower rate of transmission.

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24
Q

What are the three major routes of HIV transmission?

A
  1. Intimate sexual contact (heterosexual or homosexual)
  2. Contact with blood or other body fluids (parenteral, needle-sharing, transfusions)
  3. Perinatal transmission (mother to infant)
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25
Which body fluids are NOT considered infectious unless they contain visible blood?
Saliva, sputum, tears, sweat, nasal secretions, feces, urine, vomit.
26
Name the diseases caused by bloodborne pathogens.
1. Syphilis 2. Malaria 3. Zika 4. Babesiosis 5. Brucellosis 6. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 7. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I 8. Ebola Virus Disease
27
What is the causative agent of Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum.
28
What is the primary mode of transmission for Syphilis?
Sexual contact and perinatal transmission.
29
What is the characteristic lesion in the primary stage of Syphilis
Chancre, a painless, well-defined sore at the site of bacterial entry
30
long after infection does the primary stage of Syphilis typically appea
10 to 90 days (average 21 days)
31
No clinical symptoms, patients are noninfectious (except pregnant women)
Latent Stage of Syphilis
32
Sore appear at the spot where the bacteria entered the body
Primary Stage
33
What are the three major manifestations of tertiary Syphilis?
1. Gummas (granulomatous lesions in bones, skin, or tissues) 2. Cardiovascular diseases (aortic aneurysm, aortic regurgitation, angina) 3. Neurosyphilis (can occur at any stage and affect the nervous system)
34
Appears anywhere from months to years after secondary infection if patient remains untreated
Tertiary Stage
35
Systematic dissemination of microorganism happens
Secondary Stage of Syphilis
36
What causes Malaria?
Plasmodium protozoa, transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
37
two species of Plasmodium that pose the greatest threat
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
38
the first symptoms of Malaria, and when do they appear
Fever, headaches, and chills, appearing 10-15 days after a mosquito bite.
39
Zika virus transmission
By the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito (A. aegypti or A. albopictus).
40
How long do Zika virus symptoms usually last?
2-7 days.
41
What are the possible transmission routes of the Zika virus aside from mosquito bites?
Pregnancy (mother to fetus), sexual contact, blood transfusion, and organ transplantation.
42
How is Babesiosis transmitted?
* Through the bite of infected Ixodes scapularis ticks (black-legged or deer tick)
43
2. What is the typical size of the nymph stage of Ixodes scapularis ticks?
* About the size of a poppy seed
44
What do Babesia parasites infect, and what condition does it lead to?
They infect and destroy red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia
45
What microorganism causes Babesiosis?
Babesia microti
46
How is Babesiosis transmitted?
Through the bite of infected Ixodes scapularis ticks (black-legged or deer tick)
47
What is the typical size of the nymph stage of Ixodes scapularis ticks?
About the size of a poppy seed
48
What do Babesia parasites infect and what condition does it lead to?
It infects and destroy red blood cells which results to hemolytic anemia leading to jaundice and dark urine
49
What are the symptoms of Babesiosis in symptomatic individuals?
Non-specific flu-like symptoms: fever
50
What groups of people are at higher risk for severe Babesiosis complications?
Individuals with no spleen
51
What type of infection is Brucellosis?
A zoonotic infection (transmitted from animals to humans)
52
What bacterial genus causes Brucellosis?
Brucella
53
How is Brucellosis transmitted to humans?
By ingestion of infected food products
54
What are some alternative names for Brucellosis?
Mediterranean fever
55
What are the possible sources of Brucella infection in humans?
Contaminated milk and dairy products
56
What animals can serve as hosts for Brucella abortus?
Cattle, goats, camels, pigs, horses
57
What disease does Brucella abortus cause in cattle?
Abortion and orchitis
58
Which animals can serve as hosts for Brucella melitensis?
Goats
59
What disease does Brucella melitensis cause in humans?
Malta fever
60
What species of Brucella is associated with wild boars and pigs?
Brucella suis
61
What are the diseases caused by Brucella suis in pigs?
Abortion
62
Which regions are known for Brucella melitensis infections in goats?
Many sheep- and goat-raising regions
63
What is the rarest mode of human-to-human transmission for Brucellosis?
Rarely transmitted from person to person
64
What is the primary way to prevent Brucellosis transmission from animals to humans?
Avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and wearing protective gear when handling livestock
65
Identify the rare brain disorder caused by prions that leads to dementia.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
66
Identify the abnormal pathogenic protein responsible for CJD.
Prion
67
Identify the medical interventions that can transmit prions to humans.
Invasive medical procedures
68
What type of anemia is caused by Babesia parasites infecting and destroying red blood cells?
Hemolytic anemia
69
Identify three symptoms of CJD.
Memory loss, impaired thinking, blurry vision
70
Which type of CJD is associated with a genetic mutation and family history?
Hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
71
Which type of CJD is transmitted through exposure to infected nervous system tissue?
Acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
72
Name the prion disease historically found in the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.
Kuro
73
What traditional practice led to the spread of Kuru?
Cannibalism (consumption of human brain tissue)
74
What is the best way to eliminate the transmission of CJD from contaminated medical instruments?
Do not reuse them
75
What type of CJD is linked to eating beef from cattle with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
76
What is another name for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
Mad cow disease
77
Identify the virus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
HTLV-1 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1)
78
List three ways HTLV-1 can be transmitted.
Blood transfusions, mother to child, sexual contact
79
What was Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) formerly known as?
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
80
How is Ebola transmitted to humans?
Human-to-human transmission and contact with wild animals
81
Identify the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus.
Fruit bats
82
List three symptoms of Ebola Virus Disease.
Fever, fatigue, headache
83
What is the primary source of Ebola virus exposure?
Blood
84
Which materials are considered Other Potentially Infectious Materials (OPIM)?
- Human body fluids - any unfixed tissue or organ from human - cultures, culture medium, or other solutions - experimental animal blood, tissues, or organs infected with HIV or HBV
85
Name two ways bloodborne pathogens can spread.
Direct contact
86
Identify one occupational group at risk of exposure to Ebola.
Healthcare workers (nurses
87
What is the best way to prevent exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Use of protective equipment and proper decontamination
88
What is the purpose of an Exposure Control Plan (ECP)?
To identify risks
89
Name one engineering or work practice control for exposure prevention.
Sharps disposal containers
90
What is the universal precaution regarding blood and bodily fluids?
Treat all blood and bodily fluids as contaminated
91
Identify one method of preventing bloodborne pathogen exposure in healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene
92
Who is responsible for identifying and providing appropriate PPE to employees at no cost?
The employer
93
What is one key requirement for PPE selection?
Safe design and comfortable fit
94
What should be used to pick up broken glass in a healthcare setting?
Mechanical means (not by hand)
95
Name one key requirement of PPE training.
Proper donning
96
How long should a surface be left wet with disinfectant for HIV-1 decontamination?
30 seconds
97
How long should a surface be left wet with disinfectant for Hepatitis B virus decontamination?
10 minutes
98
What should be done with contaminated laundry?
It must be bagged or contained at the location where it was used
99
What is the purpose of an Exposure Control Plan (ECP)?
To identify
100
Which virus is vaccination provided for to potentially exposed employees?
Hepatitis B virus
101
What is the first immediate action after an exposure incident?
Wash the exposed area with soap and water
102
What is one step included in a confidential medical evaluation after exposure?
Testing for HBV and HIV serological status
103
What type of training is required for employees with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
First aid and CPR training
105
most common type of CJD
Sporadic CJD

MT12 LEC (2 decks)

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