OCE 3 Flashcards
Giving an Explanation (22 cards)
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder causing muscle weakness due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors.
What are the hallmark symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?
Fluctuating muscle weakness which worsens with exertion, ptosis (drooping eyelids), dysphagia (trouble swallowing), and limb weakness.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in MG?
Type II hypersensitivity, where antibodies target acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic membrane
What tests can confirm a Myasthenia Gravis diagnosis?
Edrophonium (Tensilon) test, Anti-ACh receptor antibody test, electromyography (EMG)
What is the role of the thymus in Myasthenia Gravis?
Thymic hyperplasia or thymoma is often present. Thymectomy may improve symptoms.
What drugs are used to treat MG?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange, IV immunoglobulins
Why should caution be taken with aminoglycosides in MG patients?
Aminoglycosides worsen neuromuscular transmission and can exacerbate weakness.
What is a myasthenic crisis?
A life-threatening condition with severe muscle weakness leading to respiratory failure, requiring ventilatory support.
How does myasthenia differ from Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
MG: Postsynaptic dysfunction (ACh receptor blockade). Lambert-Eaton: Presynaptic issue (decreased ACh release). Strength improves with repeated stimulation
What are some triggers that worsen MG symptoms?
Fatigue, stress, certain medications such as beta-blockers, pregnancy and surgery.
What is stomach cancer?
A malignant tumor arising from the gastric mucosa, often linked to H. pylori infection, dietary factors and genetic predisposition.
What are common risk factors for stomach cancer?
H. pylori infection, smoking, high salt intake, nitrates in processed food, chronic gastritis, family history and male gender.
What are the main types of stomach cancer?
Adenocarcinoma (most common), lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor and neuroendocrine tumors
What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?
Persistent indigestion, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, blood in stool or vomit
What tests are used to diagnose stomach cancer?
Endoscopy with biopsy (gold standard), CT scan for staging, PET scan, barium swallow, tumor marker testing
What is the TNM staging system in stomach cancer?
Tumor size (T), Lymph Node involvement (N) and Metastasis (M) determine the stage and prognosis
What are the treatment options for stomach cancer?
Surgery (gastrectomy), chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy
What is a total gastrectomy?
A surgical procedure where the entire stomach is removed
How does H. pylori contribute to stomach cancer?
H. pylori infection induces chronic inflammation, leading to genetic mutations and hence increased cancer risk.
What is the prognosis for stomach cancer?
Prognosis depends on stage, treatment and tumor subtype. Early stage has better survival rate while more advanced has worse outcomes.
What does preventative medicine include?
Lifestyle modifications, Preventive screenings (e.g. for cancer/CVD), Vaccinations, Mindfulness and stress management
What to discuss for stress and mindfulness?
Mindfulness meditation, Cognitive strategies, Breathing techniques, Lifestyle integration, Mind-body connection (mental and physical influence each other)
