Ocean Governance Flashcards

Question

How does overfishing come full circle to negatively impact humans?

Answer 1

People could eat much better if fish stocks were managed properly - 3 billion people rely on fish for protein

Answer 2

Increase in sea temperatures separates cold and warm water into layers, with no mixing in between, which lowers the quantity of nutrients available for aquatic algae - can lead to decreased chlorophyll levels by around 9-12% 1998-2010 - less oxygen made, more build up of greenhouse gases

Answer 3

depletion of commonly held property by individual users who harm their own long-term interests as a result - often, those doing the damage to not bear the consequences e.g. fishing lobbyists persuading politicians to ignore scientists warning the EU that fishing quotas are too high - now 3/4 fish stocks in European waters are over-exploited and some are close to collapse

Answer 4

- weak on conservation and environment because it was negotiated in the 70s when such things weren't considered - America's refusal to sign it means others are also reluctant to - relies on member countries for enforcement which results in a baffling tangle of overlapping authorities - "coordinated catastrophe"

Answer 5

organisation regulating global shipping, keeping a register of merchant and passenger vessels, stating each one must carry ID

Answer 6

- results in reasonably law abiding industry - applies standards to routine and accidental discharges of pollution from ships

Answer 7

- very untransparent organisation - dominated by insiders - contributions and influence weighted by tonnage

Answer 8

- stocks of Arctic cod are the highest of any cod species and highest levels since 1945 even though permitted catch limit is also at a record level - control of nets and gear, banning drift nets over 2.5km and placing limitations on bottom trawling in the 2000s

Answer 9

- 2/3 fish stocks on the high seas are overexploited, which is double the parts of the ocean under national jurisdiction - illegal/unreported fishing is worth $10-24bn a year - mismanagement of fisheries costs $50bn or more - imagine the efficiency gains if this was managed - regional fishery bodies have too little money to combat illegal fisherman, and there is also no global register of fishing boats - tuna commission rates itself as an "international disgrace" - organisations are dominated by fishing interests except the Whaling Commission and in Antarctica - countries could stop vessels suspected of overfishing but they don't. The UN fish-stocks requires signatories to impose sanctions but only 80 countries have retified it compared to 165 for UNCLOS

Answer 10

RESOURCES: fish, minerals, energy TRADE: need to protect these lines of communication FLOWS: goods, people, info Preventing CONFLICT Delivering HUMANITARIAN AID

Answer 11

2023/24 = £53.9b spent on the Navy - we want to protect our patch and use of the oceans

Answer 12

disruption of them can cost the global economy billions and those effects will eventually trickle down to us

Answer 13

choke points

Answer 14

strategic, narrow passages that connect two larger areas to one another when it comes to maritime trade, these are typically straits or canals that see high volumes of traffic because of their optimal location

Answer 15

UNCLOS - and the Exclusive Economic Zone - and the Sustainable Development Goals - and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species EU and the Marine Directive WHY? - to promote/ensure geopolitical stability and sustainability on the oceans

Answer 16

SDGs CITES EU Marine Directive

Answer 17

conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Answer 18

agreement between governments aiming to ensure international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival

Answer 19

protects Europe's seas and oceans from pollution, strict guidelines that face criminal punishment if broken

Ocean Governance Flashcards

(44 cards)