oceanography exam 4 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
clams, snail, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus belong to what phylum?
A
Mollusca
2
Q
octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus belong to what class?
A
cephalopoda
3
Q
what are predators found in all oceans that often school?
A
Squid
4
Q
Do squid have shell, if so where is it located?
A
internally
5
Q
A squids tentacles with suckers are a modified __________
A
foot
6
Q
what part of a squid draws in food and what part helps to further break it down?
A
beak and radula
7
Q
Squid have ________ brains and move by _______________ and shoot out ______ to confused and escape from predators.
A
Large
Jet propulsion
ink
8
Q
what phylum has insects, crabs, shrimp, copepods, etc…
A
arthropoda
9
Q
what is the most successful animal group on earth?
A
Arthropoda
10
Q
arthropoda have ______________ , _____________ bodies, _____________, jointed _________________
A
exoskeleton
segmented bodies
jointed appendages
11
Q
what arthropod is plankton/nekton
A
krill
12
Q
many shrimp species rely on ___________
A
estuaries
13
Q
Fishes belong to what phylum
A
chordata
14
Q
need to remember the definition of a fish. what is it?
A
An aquatic vertebrate with gills and limbs (if present) in the shape of fins.
15
Q
who were the first vertebrates and how long ago did they appear?
A
Fish
500 million years ago
16
Q
who is the most abundant vertebrate ?
A
fishes
17
Q
what class are jawless fishes in and how many species are there?
A
agnatha - 70 species
18
Q
what class are cartilaginous fishes in and how many species? name some
A
Chondrichthyes - 800 species
sharks, skates, rays, chimeras
19
Q
what class are Bony fish in and how many species ?
A
(class Osteichthyes)
~ 27000 species!
20
Q
how do (jawless fish feed)?
A
by suction . they are parasitic and scavenging
21
Q
what type of fish has one nostril and no true fins or scales?
A
class Agnatha, jawless fish.
22
Q
Hagfish dwell in _________ and Lampreys are ____________
A
ocean
migratory
23
Q
Chondrichthyes skeleton is made of ___________, have moveable ____________, and mouth is __________ head.
A
cartilage
jaws
under
24
Q
sharks ears are _______ head and hear________ pitches
A
on top of
25
sharks eyes give them ________ views.
sharks need to _______ first before they eat.
wide
taste
26
shark lateral line serves what function
proximity detector
27
28
Ampullae of Lorenzini
electrosense
29
whats the function of the lateral line
proximity detector through pressure variations
30
sharks teeth are modified _________ and are called __________
scales
placoid
31
what shark has efficient osmoregulation system that allows them to travel long distances in fresh water.
bull shark
31
how many shark deaths ?
5-15
31
most dangerous sharks
white, tiger, bull
31
how many shark encounters a year?
70-100
32
bull sharks have traveled ________ miles up the amazon and _________ up the mississippi
2500
1800
33
threats to sharks - over ________
accidental _________
hunted for _______
fishing
bycatch
meat, skin, fins, oil, cart
34
Sharks reproduce ___________
late ____________
live ___________
slowly
maturity
live 25-30 years
35
a salt marsh is a ______________ area between ________ and __________
transitional area
land and water
36
salt marshes occur is protected ___________ or sounds
typically _______ built
and coastal ___________
estuaries
bar built
coastal plain estuaries
37
salt marshes occur in ___________ climates where ____________ is deposited
temperate
sediment
38
salt marsh plants are rooted in soils that are ____________ and ___________ by tidal action
inundated and drained
39
salt marsh plants are halophytes _______ loving and are ________ type of plants
salt loving
vascular
40
name the salt marsh plant that is the primary zone former in the low marsh.
spartina (cordgrass)
41
Name the two plants that are the primary zone formers in the high marsh
juncus (rush)
salicornia (glasswort)
42
coral is in the phylum
Cnidaria
43
coral class __________
anthozoa
44
Hermatypic
coral reef building - have zooxanthellae
45
corals are _________ polyps connected by thin tissue
clonal
46
corals base is composed of what
calcium carbonate CaCO3
47
coral feeding 4 ways
wall of __________
____________ filaments
____________ dissolved organic matter
____________ with Zooxanthellae
mouths
Mesenterial filaments
absorb
symbiosis
48
Wall of __________”
- Polyps capture ______________ with stinging cells
- Predatory feeding typically occurs only at ____________
- Sheets of surface__________ can capture plankton and detritus
_________ gathers the mucus and passes it into mouth
mouths
zooplankton
night
mucus
Cilia
49
______________ filaments
- Attached to ____________
- Secrete _______________
- Can be extruded for digestion outside the body
- Also used in coral ___________
Mesenterial
wall of gut
digestive enzymes
warfare
50
Corals feed by ___________ dissolved organic matter
absorbing
51
Coral forms a _____________ with what dinoflagellete ___________
Symbiosis
Zooxanthellae
52
Zoox. photosynthesize & pass on _________________ to coral, remove coral wastes; also facilitate _____________
- Corals provide _____________
organics and O2
calcification
CO2, nutrients, water
53
___________ Allows reefs to thrive in nutrient-poor water
Recycling
54
what per centage of fish skeletons are made of bone?
97
55
fish have ____________. adjust for _____________
in advanced fishes
Gas bladder
bouyancy
56
a fast body shape for a fish is _____________ and _____________ shaped
streamlined and football shaped
tuna
57
a body type that is considered leisurely for fish is ________________
laterally compressed
discus
58
what body type is flattened top to bottom ______________name one fish
benthic
flounder
59
what body type is well suited for rocks and crevices
elongated
fresh water eel
60
fish are mostly _________ eaters aka __________. mouth is _____________ for prey type . have ________ for catching and holding nad swallowing prey
meat eaters aka carnivors
mouth is specialized for prey type
teeth
61
fish senses name them
smell
hear
vision
taste
have a lateral line which is like a motion detector
62
schooling behavior has _________ members at __________ distances apart and use ___________ lateral line to maintain formation
same size
equal
senses
63
list the benefits of schooling
confusion factor
safety in numbers
intimidate factor
64
atlantic salmon are____________
meaning they travel up river from sea to spawn
Anadromous
65
when a creature is bred at sea and matures in freshwater, its called...
Catadromus
eels in the sargasso sea
66
marine mammals are in the phylum _________ and class __________
chordata
mammalia
67
what family do earless seals (true seals) belong?
Phocidae
68
what family do eared seals belong?
Otariidae
69
marine mammals have many examples of ________________ evolution
convergent
70
walruses belong to order ____________
super family ________________
family _______________
carnivora
pinnepedia
odobenidae
71
walrus do not have ____________ ears
external
72
earless SEALS
Order____________
Superfamily ____________
Family _____________
Carnivora
pinnepedia
Phocidea
73
name the 4 species of earless seals on long island
Harbor, Gray, Harp, Hooded
74
eared seals (fur seals and sea lions)
Order _____________
Superfamily ______________
Family ____________
Carnivora
Pinnipedia
Otariidae
75
sea otter order
Mustelidae (weasel family)
76
whats the smallest marine mammal?
sea otter
77
how do sea otters stay warm?
traps layer of _________
no ____________
thick fur 2 layers -
air
no blubber
78
Polar bears
Order ________
Family ________
Carnivora
Ursidae
79
polar bears are ______________ for swimming
have ________ between toes
and whats the other adaptation they have
streamlined
webbing
blubber
80
what order do manatees belong?
Sirenia
81
manatees eat only ____________
vegetables - vegetarians
82
whales, dolphins, and porpoises belong to what order?
Cetacea
83
cetaceans have __________ (to stay warm, remain buoyant, and streamlines bodies)>
blubber
84
cetaceans have __________ skulls.
that thing on the top of their heads __________.
_____________ fin tail fin
and live __________ lives in the water
elongated
blowholes
horizontal
entire
85
obstacles marine mammals faced in transitioning into the sea from land was __________________ to air.
blowholes or nostrils moved to _______ of head
half of their brain ________
and more ________ to hold more O2
access to air
top
sleeps
blood
86
to avoid high pressures when diving cetaceans have a _________ rib cage
collapsable
87
cetaceans can seim up to ________ mph
30 -40
88
the slowing of a cetaceans heart rate is called
mammalian diving reflex
89
cetaceans can shut off flow to unnecessary _________
organs
90
how do cetaceans prevent the bends.
they dont breath air at depth
91
with little air in the lungs cetaceans can avoid ____________ narcosis
nitrogen
92
how do whales deal with the cold ?
blubber
93
blubber is used as an _______________
its located between skin and muscles and is a ________ source
insulator
food
94
what suborder are the toothed whales?
Odontoceti
95
toothed whales have ________ blowhole
one
96
toothed whales use ___________
high frequency sound used to
1. _______________ prey
2._________________
3.________________
echolocation
detect
navigate
communicate
97
Sperm whale
Physeter macrocephalus
is the ______________ toothed whale
sexually _______________
largest
dimorphic
98
what is the deepest diving mammal?
sperm whale
99
how deep can a sperm whale dive?
how long can they hold their breath?
2200 meters
2 hours
100
dolphins bodies are lean and ________ while porpoises bodies are __________. Dolphins have ________ shaped teeth while porpoises have _________ shaped teeth.
sleek
chubby
spade
101
suborder mysticeti are known are the ___________ whales
baleen
102
mysticeti whales have ___________ blowholes and the largest whale know as the ____________ is in this suborder. Can grow as large as ___
two
blue whale
31m
103
Baleen is made of ____________ and used to feed on _________________
keratin
zooplankton
104
humpback whales live for ____ years and give birth every ________ years
50
2-4
105
In the winter humpbacks ______________ in the ______________ and in the summer they go to the _________ for food ( summer blooms)
reproduce
tropics
artic
106
there are ______ species of sea turtles all are endangered or threatended
7
107
name the 7 species of sea turtle
hawksbill
green sea turtle
black sea turtle
loggerhead
leatherback
australian flat back
ridleys
108
two hypotheses for why coral release sperm and egg after full moon
1. reduce predation
2. tidal influence on dispersion
109
what conditions do hermatypic corals need a ________ bottom.
hard
110
hermatypic corals need to be _______ tidal
subtidal
111
why do hermatypic corals need light?
Zooxanthellae need light for photosynthesis
112
hermatypic corals need __________ waters that are _________
shallow
clear
113
what temp do hermatypic corals need for growth and to reproduce ?
greater than 20C
114
upper limit for hermatypic corals is
between 30 - 35C
115
hermatypic corals need ______ sediments in the water
low
116
hermatypic corals need what concentration of salt water
32-44 ppt
117
hermatypic corals are senstivie to ____________ and thrive in ____________
pollutants
Oligotrophic
118
corals need ________ action
wave action brings in zooplankton which washes up on polyops
119
worlds longest reef is in the _________ sea
red
120
what type of reef is common in the caribbean and in the red sea?
fringing reef
121
what type of reef is seperated by a lagoon
barrier reef
122
pacific reef are _______ diverse than atlantic and caribeean
more diverse
123
reef fishes
___% carnivours
___% herbivours
___% omnivous
70
20
10
124
three threats to reefs
changing water condition
physical destruction
overfishing
removal of herbivorous fishes allows macroalgae to grow over reef
bleaching
disease
125
mangroves are __________ to semi ___________ plants taht cover 60-75 percent the coast line
tropical to semitropical
126
mangroves are a _________ based food web and are dominant in ________ anoxic soils
detritus
salty
127
Viviparous
seed germinates while still on the plant
128
mangrove seed disperal by _________
water
129
three colors of mangrove
red, black, white
130
most mangrove species are located in ________
asia
131
4 ecosystem services for mangroves
buffer shorelines from ocean erosion
filter chemicals
wood chips
nursery
132
kelp forests can grow
1/2m a day
133
sandy beach animals resist wave action by ______ burrowing
and _______ burrowing
deep
fast
134
interstitial animals < 0.5mm
meiofauna
135
large clams burrow via
siphons
136
beaches dominated by _______ feeders, _________ feeders and ___________
filter
detritus
scavengers
137
three animals that dominate sandy beachs
Polychaetes
2) Bivalve molluscs (but some gastropods)
3) Crustaceans
138
seaweeds are classified by ______________
pigments
139
name 3 seaweed pigments
red, green, brown
140
eco system services from seagrass
Contribute to coastal 1° productivity (high)
2) Provide habitat for marine organisms; often a nursery
3) Act as sediment traps
4) Buffer coastal areas from wave action
