Oceanography Final Review

Question 1

The Earth is approximately how old?

Answer 1

Approximately 4.6 billion years old.

Question 2

How much of Earth’s surface is covered by water?

Answer 2

About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

Question 3

Ocean water makes up what percent of water on Earth?

Answer 3

97% of Earth’s water is found in the oceans.

Question 4

Reasons for the importance of oceans on our planet: (Learn 2)

Answer 4

Regulate global climate by absorbing heat and carbon dioxide.
Provide oxygen through marine photosynthesis (phytoplankton).
Support biodiversity and marine ecosystems.
Serve as a major source of food and resources.
Facilitate global transportation and trade.

Question 5

Oceanography is classified under which branches of science?

Answer 5

Geology: Study of seafloor structures and plate tectonics.
Biology: Study of marine organisms and ecosystems.
Chemistry: Analysis of seawater composition and chemical cycles.
Physics: Study of currents, waves, and ocean-atmosphere interactions.
Meteorology: Focus on how oceans influence weather and climate.

Question 6

Ocean chart (Study the image)

Answer 6

https://www.imghippo.com/i/UByh1730Lgc.png

Question 7

Youngest ocean and why?

Answer 7

Southern ocean. It formed approximately 30 million years ago when the Antarctic Circumpolar Current developed, isolating Antarctica and forming a unique ocean.

Question 8

How are Earth’s oceans important to the global climate?

Answer 8

They absorb and distribute heat, driving global climate patterns.
Oceans store CO2, buffering atmospheric changes.
A decrease in ocean size could lead to more extreme weather and reduced biodiversity. An increase or rise in temperature could accelerate sea level rise and climate instability.

Question 9

Importance of the high heat capacity of water

Answer 9

Water’s ability to absorb and release heat stabilizes global temperatures, reducing extreme temperature swings.

Question 10

Nansen Bottle

Answer 10

Collects deep-sea water samples.

Question 11

Refractometer

Answer 11

Measures salinity.

Question 12

AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)

Answer 12

Conducts underwater research autonomously.

Question 13

ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)

Answer 13

Operated remotely to explore deep oceans.

Question 14

Deep Worker

Answer 14

Manned submersible for individual research.

Question 15

CTD Rosette

Answer 15

Measures conductivity, temperature, and depth.

Question 16

Sonde

Answer 16

Measures water properties like temperature and salinity.

Question 17

Current Meter

Answer 17

Measures water flow speed and direction.

Question 18

Current Drifter

Answer 18

Tracks water current movement.

Question 19

Secchi Disk

Answer 19

Measures water transparency.

Question 20

Sediment Grab

Answer 20

Collects seabed samples.

Question 21

FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform)

Answer 21

Research vessel for studying wave dynamics.

Question 22

Plankton Net

Answer 22

Collects plankton samples.

Question 23

First 100% scientific oceanographic expedition

Answer 23

The HMS Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) is considered the first dedicated scientific oceanographic voyage.

Question 24

Fridtjof Nansen Significance

Answer 24

Developed methods for Arctic exploration and ocean water studies.

Question 25

Jacques Cousteau Significance

Answer 25

Innovated scuba diving equipment and underwater research.

Question 26

Matthew Maury Significance

Answer 26

Father of modern oceanography; created first wind and ocean current maps.

Question 27

Charles Wyville Thomson Significance

Answer 27

Led the HMS Challenger Expedition.

Question 28

Ferdinand Magellan Significance

Answer 28

First circumnavigation of Earth, mapping key ocean routes.

Question 29

HMS Beagle Significance

Answer 29

Darwin’s exploration of biodiversity.

Question 30

HMS Challenger Significance

Answer 30

First pure oceanographic expedition.

Question 31

Turtle Significance

Answer 31

First military submarine.

Question 32

Trieste Significance

Answer 32

Reached Challenger Deep in 1960.

Question 33

Alvin Significance

Answer 33

Discovered hydrothermal vents.

Question 34

Fram Significance

Answer 34

Arctic exploration vessel used by Nansen.

Question 35

Meteor Significance

Answer 35

First systematic study of Atlantic Ocean.

Question 36

Outermost solid layer of Earth

Answer 36

Continental Crust

Question 37

What's Hydrogen Bonding and three properties

Answer 37

Attraction between polar molecules involving hydrogen. High heat capacity. Surface tension. Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.