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Oceanography > Oceanography Mod 1 > Flashcards

Oceanography Mod 1 Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observe, Hypothesis, Testing, Theory

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable statement about the general nature of the phenomenon observed

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3
Q

Theory

A

well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, logical inferences, and tested hypothesis

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4
Q

Solar System

A

the sun and the celestial bodies, asteroids, planets, and comets that orbit around it

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5
Q

Nebula

A

a diffuse mass of interstellar dust and/or gas

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6
Q

Nebular Hypothesis

A

a model that describes the formation of the solar system by contraction of a nebula

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7
Q

Oceanography

A

scientific study of the floor of the ocean, the water itself, physical processes such as waves and tides, and the organisms contained within the ocean

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8
Q

Half-life

A

time required for half the atoms of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay to an atom of another element

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9
Q

Heterotrophs

A

organisms not capable of producing their own food by photosynthesis

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10
Q

Autotrophs

A

anything that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients

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11
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

funded the exploration of the coast of Africa and the islands of the Atlantic Ocean

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12
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Founded the “New World” by going west instead of east to india

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12
Q

Magellan

A

Named the Pacific ocean, traveled west to find the east indies

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13
Q

97.2%

A

How much of the world’s water is contained in oceans?

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14
Q

70.8%

A

How much of the world is made up of water?

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15
Q

Pacific Ocean

A

Largest ocean named by magellan, half the ocean surface

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16
Q

Atlantic Ocean

A

half the size of the pacific, separates new world from old world

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17
Q

Indian Ocean

A

slightly smaller than atlantic, southern hemi

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18
Q

Arctic Ocean

A

7% the size of indian ocean, not very deep

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19
Q

Southern/Antarctic Ocean

A

southern hemi, located below 50 degrees S and around antarctic

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20
Q

People of Pacific Islands

A

First people to arrive on NA continent

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21
Q

Sea

A

Smaller than other, contains salt water, somewhat enclosed by land

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22
Q

Lithosphere

A

cool, rigid, outer-most layer

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23
Q

Asthenosphere

A

plastic, flow when gradual force acted upon it

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24
Mesosphere
rigid, increased pressure
25
Outer core
liquid and capable of flowing
26
Inner core
rigid and does not flow
27
Oceanic crust
Basalt, more dense, 5-10km thick,younger/newer
28
Continental crust
less dense, mostly made of granite, 30-50km thick, older
29
Stanley Miller
gave us an idea of how life could have developed out of non-living matter, a process called abiogenesis
30
4.5 Billion years
How old is the earth
31
Radiometric Dating
calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element
32
James Cook
He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean
33
Eratosthenes
invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world
34
Plate tectonics
large slabs of rock that divide Earth's crust, move constantly to reshape the Earth's landscape
35
Continental drift
the movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates
36
Pangaea​
North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent
37
Mid-Ocean ridge
seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics
38
Oceanic trench
long, narrow depressions on the seafloor
39
Subduction/Subduction zone
form where a plate with thinner (less-buoyant) oceanic crust descends beneath a plate with thicker (more-buoyant) continental crust
40
Paleomagnetism
the study of ancient pole positions and makes use of remanent magnetization to reconstruct the direction and strength of the geomagnetic field in the past
41
Rift valley
a lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, or rift
42
Hot spots
an area of the Earth's mantle from which hot plumes rise upward, forming volcanoes on the overlying crust
43
Tablemounts/Guyots
an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea
44
Seamounts
an underwater mountain with steep sides rising from the seafloor
45
Fringing reef
grows seaward directly from the shore
46
Barrier reef
running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of deep water
47
Atoll
a coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon
48
Fracture zone
linear feature on the ocean floor—often hundreds, even thousands of kilometers long—resulting from the action of offset mid-ocean ridge axis segments
49
Paleogeography
the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes
50
Alfred Wegener
originator of continental drift hypothesis
51
Harry Hess
known for his theories on sea-floor spreading and convection currents in the mantle driving plate tectonics
52
Frederick Vine & Drummond Matthews
found that the crust surrounding the midocean ridges showed alternating bands -- each band magnetized with a polarity opposite the surrounding bands
53
Charles Darwin
theory of evolution
54
Panthalassa
the vast superocean that encompassed planet Earth and surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea
55
Divergent plate boundaries
tectonic plates move apart
56
transform plate boundaries
tectonic plates slide past each other
57
Convergent plate boundaries
tectonic plates move towards each other
58
Oceanic ridges
mountain ranges that have developed underwater. At the divergent plate boundary, the seafloor stretches along with the mid-ocean range
59
Oceanic rises
sections of the mid-ocean ridge that spread out quickly and have a gentle slope
60
Oceanic-continental convergence
When oceanic crust collides with a continent
61
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
two oceanic plates converge or collide
62
Continental-continental convergence
two continental plates move towards each other
63
Wilson cycle
model that describes the opening and closing of ocean basins and the subduction and divergence of tectonic plates during the assembly and disassembly of supercontinents
64
Bathymetry
the study of the "beds" or "floors" of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes
65
Fathom
The unit of depth in the ocean for countries using the Imperial system of units
65
Sounding (depth sounding)
is measuring the depth of a body of water
66
Echo sounder
device for determining the depth of the seabed or detecting objects in water by measuring the time taken for sound echoes to return to the listener
67
Multibeam echo sounder
type of active sonar system used to map the seafloor and detect objects in the water column or along the seafloor
68
Seismic reflection profile
can be used to reconstruct uplift and regional topographic evolution
69
Continental shelf
the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean. The continental shelf is geologically part of the continental crust
70
Shelf break
underwater edge of a continental shelf, where it begins a rapid slope to the deep ocean floor
71
Continental slope
the slope between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor
72
Submarine canyon
steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf, having nearly vertical walls, and occasionally having canyon wall heights of up to 5 km, from canyon floor to canyon rim
73
Turbidity current
a rapid, downhill flow of water caused by increased density due to high amounts of sediment
74
Continental rise
a low-relief zone of accumulated sediments that lies between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. It is a major part of the continental margin
75
Deep-sea fan
underwater deltas, and submarine fans, are underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition and formed by turbidity currents
76
Deep-ocean trench
prominent, long, narrow topographic depressions of the ocean floor.
77
Abyssal plains
underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 and 6,000 metres. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge
78
Abyssal hills
small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain. They are the most abundant geomorphic structures on Earth
79
Seamounts
an underwater mountain with steep sides rising from the seafloor
80
​Pacific Ring of Fire
string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean
81
Hydrothermal vents
fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges
82
continental margins
the region of transition from the land to the deep seafloor, i.e. between continental and oceanic crust
83
deep-ocean basins
This includes parts of the oceans where deep water prevails
84
submarine canyons
any of a class of narrow steep-sided valleys that cut into continental slopes and continental rises of the oceans
85
Active continental margins
tend to have narrow continental shelves, active
86
Passive continental margins
continental margins that are not tectonically active
87
white smokers
chimneys formed from deposits of barium, calcium, and silicon, which are white
88
black smokers
chimneys formed from deposits of iron sulfide, which is black
89
warm-water vents
naturally forming structures found in the ocean

Oceanography (1 decks)

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