Oceans Flashcards
(28 cards)
Ships anchor
2008
Effecting Middle East and India communications
75 million limited access
Ship mooring off in Egypt in bad weather
Russia sabotaging
2023
Punish western nations for supporting Ukraine
Disrupting western life
NATO increased patrol ships in north and Baltic Sea
First telegraph
Send morse code messages
Laid on Atlantic floor mid 1800s
Coaxial cables
1950
Carrying telephone conversations
Fibre optic cables
1990s analogue cables replaced with fibre optic cables
Which carry huge amount of digital data in light form
Microsoft and Facebook cable
Constructed in 2018
6600km highest capacity ever Atlantic cable
Linking USA, Europe, Africa, Middle East
Territorial sea
Automatically belongs to the country no claim needed
12nm
Contiguous zone
Must be claimed
12-24 nm
Exclusive economic zone
UNCLOS
Country Can claim rights of exploration and use of marine resources
12-200nm
High seas
Open ocean
From 200nm
Not under any control of any country
Convention on international trade in endangered species
1975 banned trade in threatened species and their products
Adopted by 181 countries saved some species
Rising wealth in Asia increased trade in some prohibited product
Regulations tightened
Maritime power
A nation with very strong navy able to easily control their coast
Success in UNCLOS
Oil spills regulated
In 1992 became mandatory for tankers to be fitted with double hulls or other design approved by IMO
Illegal for ships to use seawater to wash out their tanks
Falklands
1982
Undeclared war between Argentina and Britain over sovereignty of the Falklands
74 days costing 900 lives
Rich fishing grounds
Grand Banks
Grand Banks of Canada
Endless supply of cod
for centuries and commercially valuable fish
Overfishing and mismanagement made number collapse
Economic issues and social
First sign off issue in 1980s when cod catches declined
Catching 60% of population each year
Commercial ban on commercial fishing
30,000 jobs lost
Suez Canal
2021
Blocked one of worlds busiest trade routes for 6 days
Raised oil prices
$10 billion cost in global trade per day
International whaling commissions
Whales almost hunted to extinction
So this regulated it
Indefinite ban in 1986 on commercial whale hunting
Indigenous societies still continue to harvest whales
Great pacific garbage patch
Central North Pacific
Microplastics
3x the size of France
Accumulation of plastic
Urban and plastic waste run off from land
Ocean currents concentrate it in one place
In international waters so no one directly responsible
National and European rules
-70% reduction in plastic bags as charges introduces to England in 2016
-NGO ocean clean up built a prototype floating barrier made of rubber to catch debris
-various government ban plastic bags or microbeads
UNCLOS
Global treaty adopted in 1982 defines countries rights and responsibilities in the worlds oceans
Prevents conflict over ocean territory and resources
Environmental protection
Controls shipping routes
Plastic bag ban
2011 charges introduced for plastic bags 70% reduction
Torres canyon oil spill
Worlds most serious oil spills
South west coast of UK
1967
Ran aground on rocks
Miles were affected the coastline France, Spain
Spratly islands
South china
Rich in resources mostly inhabitable
Richest fishing grounds
China had fully militarised 3/7 islands
Arctic Ocean
New shipping routes as ice melting may open up the northern sea route
Competing claims over seabeds
Russia, Denmark and Canada all claim overlapping areas of the central arctic seabed
Russia planted flag under North Pole symbolic claim
