Oceans/Meteorology Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
3 ways water can come
A
Precipitation Runoff Infiltration
2
Q
Infiltration:
A
Water going through soil
3
Q
3 ways water leaves
A
Evaporation Runoff Infiltration
4
Q
Fact about water coming and leaving
A
In one area the 2 cant balance but in the world they MUST balance
5
Q
Salinity:
A
Total amount of solid material dissolved in water
6
Q
What is most of the salt
A
Sodium chloride
7
Q
Ways salt gets into oceans
A
- Chemical Weathering
2. Undersea volcanoes and hotspots
8
Q
How is salt removed from the oceans
A
Subduction
9
Q
What happens to the saltyness over time
A
Escalates then stays the same unless no subduction is occuring
10
Q
Describe water being evaporated
A
100% fresh water
11
Q
Water cycle
A
Evaporate, condense, precip, soak into ground
12
Q
What is the energy of the water cycle
A
Sun
13
Q
How much of earths water is in oceans?
A
97%
14
Q
Pycnocline:
A
Where seawater density changes fast
15
Q
Where is the thermocline
A
300m-1000m down
16
Q
Processes that reduce salinity (5)
A
Precip; Sea Ice Melting; Icebergs Melting; Runoff; Marine Orgs.
17
Q
Processes that increase salinity
A
Evaporation; Formation of Sea Ice; Ocean Temp Variation
18
Q
Ocean temp variation:
A
Oceans surface is heated by the sun
19
Q
Thermocline:
A
Where water temp changes fast
20
Q
What is density defined as
A
Mass per unit of volume it can be thought of a measure of how heavy something is for its size
21
Q
What is seawater mainly affected by
A
Salinity and temp; faster evap and less precip; ocean layering
22
Q
3 layers of ocean
A
Mixing, transition, and deep layer
23
Q
Where is transition layer
A
Between surface layer and deep zone
24
Q
Deep layer (3)
A
Sunlight doesnt reach it; temp is just above freezing; constant high density water
25
How much of our water is fresh
2.5%
26
Surface currents
Movements that flow horizontal in the upper part of oceans surface
27
How do surface current develop
Friction between ocean and wind
28
Gyres
Large circular swirls in large ocean basins that dominate ocean surfaces
29
Coriolis effect
Deflection of currents away from original course as result of the earths rotation
30
What way does the coriolis effect go
Right in N Hem. Left in S Hem.
31
Upwelling
Cold water being pulled up with nutrients
32
What is a land breeeze also called
Offshore
32
Amount of water that soil will hold
Porosity
33
Density currents
Vertical currents of ocean water that result from density differences in water masses
34
Where is the denser part of ocean
Bottom
35
Permeability
Speed at which water will flow thru dirt or soil
36
Where do waves get energy from
Wind
37
Ocean current
Mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another
38
Wave height
Vertical distance between trough and crest
39
Where in the ocean is the most saline
30* latitude
40
What zone has the most life
Mixed zone
41
Fetch
Distance wind has traveled across open water
42
Whats the biggest wave
Tide
43
Whats a spring tide
Big tidal range when sun and moon in line
44
How can you tell if its a spring tide
Full moon or new moon
45
Whats a neap tide
Small tidal range
46
What does upwelling bring
Fertilizer to ocean life
46
Speed at which water will flow thru dirt or soil
Permeability
49
What does increase in seawater density cause
Decrease in temp. or increase in salinity
50
Runoff
Movement of water along earths surface
51
The movement of water from plant to atmosphere
Transpiration
52
All non frozen freshwater is where
Groundwater
53
What do you measure salinity in
Parts per thousand
54
Long term what do rivers do to the salinity to oceans
Decrease it
55
```
In order:
A) cold salty water sinks
B) sea ice forms during winter
C) salty water migrates on ocean floor to equator
D) salt (ions) gather beneath ice
```
B D A C
56
How often does spring tide come
12 hours 25 minutes
57
What forces cause tides
Gravitational and centripital
58
Where do areas of upwelling occur
Trade wind belts
59
What happens with trade winds
They blow surface water offshore that is replaced by upwelling deep water
60
Amplitude is also known as
Displacement
61
2x amplitude is
Wave height
62
How can you tell if its a neap tide
Quarter moon or three quarter moon
63
Porosity
Amount of space in between the particles of dirt or soil
64
Differing amount of solar radiation across earths latitude affects the oceans...
Temp at the surface
65
Most important factor in seawater density
Temperature
66
What happens in halocline
Salt content changes rapidly
67
Main cause of deep ocean currents
Density differences
68
Ozone is important in atmosphere bc it
Absorbs harmful radiation
69
2 principal gases dissolved in ocean water
Nitrogen and oxygen
70
Deep currents are caused by
Differences in density of ocean water
71
Weather:
What atmosphere is doing at a given place or time
72
Climate:
Based on observations of weather over many years
73
How much of air is water vapor
0-4%
74
Components of air (3)
3/4 nitrogen 1/4 oxygen 1% CO2
75
Water vapor:
Spurce of all clouds and precip. Absorbs some solar energy
76
Layers of atmosphere
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere
77
What warms the stratosphere
Ozone
78
Heat:
Energy transferred from one object to another because of different temps.
79
What does heat explain
How thermal energy moves
80
Temp:
Average thermal energy
81
Conduction
Transfer of heat through touching
82
Convection
Transfer if heat by circulation within a substance
83
Mechanisms of energy transfer:
Conduction, convection, radiation
84
Radiation:
Transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves
85
What is the heat transfer form that can go through space
Radiation
86
Sublimination
Solid to a gas without passing through liquid state
87
Deposition
Gas to solid (vapor to solid)
88
Relative humidity
Ratio of airs actual water vapor content compared to amount of WV air is able to hold at that temperature and pressure
89
Called this when air holds max amount of water
Saturation
90
Hygrometer
Measure relative humidity
91
Dry aduabatic rate
The temp that dry air rises at:
| 10*/1000m
92
Wet adiabatic rate
5*/1000m
93
Most common state of matter in universe
Plasma
94
Most effective way to heat something across short distances
Conduction
95
Amount of reflected radiation
Albedo
96
What wavelength is given off hottest object
Gamma
97
What kind fo waves does the sun give off?
Short
98
What kind of waves does the earth give off (2)
Long and infared
99
What kind of waves does space give off
Radio
100
About 35% of the energy that reaches earth is reflected by...
Clouds, atmosphere and sea/land
101
Dark or light absobs more energy
Dark
102
Earth has albedo of...
35%
103
Conduction heats what levels of atmosphere
Lower
104
Conduction can be slower by
Insulator
105
Conduction can be speeded up by...
Use of a conductor
106
Temperature:
Speed of particles in an object
107
Absolute zero is when
No atomic movements or vibrations
108
If there is dew air was cooled to...
Condensation point
109
If air rises it can hold______water molecules
Fewer
110
What happens at LCL
Water condenses to droplets and clouds form
111
As air rises what falls (2)
Pressure and temperature
112
Warm air masses will keep rising if air above is
Cooler
113
Wind blows from areas of
Hogh pressure to low pressure
114
Wind is slowed by
Friction on land
115
Name layers of atmosphere
Troposphere; staratisphere; mesosphere; thermosphere
116
dew point:
Temperature that air must be cooled to constant pressure to reach saturation
117
Lifted Condensation Level
Height at which condensation occurs
118
Temp inversion
Increase in temp with height in an atmospheric layer
119
Short term climate change
Seasonal el nino volcanic eruptions
120
Long term climate change
Sunspots earths wobble tilt in earths orbit eccentricity of orbit
121
Human factors of climate change
Imcreased CO2 emmision, Increased in greenhouse gases cause changes in temp
122
Why temps vary
Land and water, Geographic position, Altitude
123
Warm periods between ice ages
Interglacial intervals
124
Where is el nino
West coast of South America
125
One positive of el nino
Decreases chances of hurricanes
126
Period of low sunspot activity
Maunder minimum
127
Orbit fact
When orbit is more circular temps dip
| When orbit elongates temps become warmer
128
Axis range every 41,000 years
22.1-24.5
129
What star do we currently point at
North Star Polaris
130
What star will we point at in 14,000?
Vega
131
What does volcanic activity do to temperatures?
Layers if ash in the air can block solar radiation making global temps decrease
132
How are air masses classified
By temp humidity and pressure
133
Rain shadow fact
RISING AIR=CLOUDS
| DROPPING AIR=SUN
134
What air is used in rain shadow
mP
135
3 wind systems
Northeast trade winds
Prevailing westerlies
Polar easterlies
136
Jet stream flows where
west to east
137
Jet stream
Narrow band of fast moving air at high altitudes
138
Warm front
When warm air Moves into area formerly covered by cold air
139
What front moves slow and which fast
Warm front moves slow Cold front moves fast
140
Cold front
When cold dense air moves into a place occupied by warmer air
141
What happens during cold front
Cold air pushes warm air up
| Thunderstorms happen
142
What happens during warm front
Warm air moves up like a hill onto cold
| Clouds and precipitation happen
143
Stationary front
When 2 fronts meet and neither gives way
144
Occluded front
When active cold front over takes warm front
145
Whats at 30N latitude
Horse latitudes
146
Where are polar easterlies
North pole to 60* lat.
147
Where are the doldrums
Equator
148
Where is the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
Just below equator
149
Where are NE trade winds
Equator to 30* lat.
150
Where are prevailing westerlies
30*-60* lat.
151
Whats on side of earth
Convection cells
152
How often does earths wobble occur
24 billion years
153
How often is tilt in earths orbit
41 thousand years
154
How often eccentricity of orbit
100 thousand years
155
Anthropogenic:
Manmade causes of global warming
156
How much has world temp gone up
1*C
157
What happens in valley breeze
Air rises
158
What happens in mtn. breeze
Air falls
159
What causes el ninõ
NE & SE trade winds
160
How often is el ninõ
Every 7 years
161
What do volcanic eruptions change
Albedo
162
Name all 4 long term climate changes
Sunspots E Wobble E tilt Eccentricity of orbit
