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Oceans Geology > Oceans Midterm > Flashcards

Oceans Midterm Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Oceanography?

A

Application of all science to study the oceans (interdisciplinary and collaborative)

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2
Q

Percent of Earth, ocean?

A

71%

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3
Q

Oceans what percent of water supply?

A

97%

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4
Q

What percent of US pop. lives within 50 miles of the ocean or Great Lakes?

A

Over 50%

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5
Q

Coastal development a problem?

A

yes

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6
Q

Important resource for…

A

oil, natural gas, metals, iodine, bromine, magnesium, phosphate, salt, sand, gravel, etc

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7
Q

How do oceans influence climate and weather?

A

they moderate the temp

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8
Q

Law of the Sea Treaty

A

first organized by U.N. in 1958, exclusive economic zone, regulate fishing, minerals, oil, safeguard environment, studies

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9
Q

US has the most EEZ

A

30% > US land area

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10
Q

Territorial waters

A

out 12 nautical miles

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11
Q

O: Chemical

A

seawater composition, chemical reactions, evolution of seawater, pollution, etc

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12
Q

O: Geological/Geophysics

A

ocean basins (origin, structure, sediments, coastlines, paleoclimate, magnetics), mineral resources

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13
Q

O: Physical

A

currents,waves, tides, temp, salinity, density

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14
Q

O; Biological

A

environment, critters, food chain

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15
Q

Ocean engineering

A

exploring for oil, exploitation, sea walls, oceans as an energy resource, naval architectures, marine policy

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16
Q

Posidonius

A

135BCE, Mediterranean was aprox 1000 fathoms deep

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17
Q

Magellon

A

early 1500s, Pacific > 600ft, found no bottom

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18
Q

Sir John Ross

A

1818, real success, Baffin Bay 6300ft

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19
Q

By 1500s, basic knowledge….

A

deeper water is colder, salinity varied a little, first submersible

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20
Q

Matthew Fountaine Maury

A

Founder of physical oceanography, organized currents, wind, weather info, made charts/maps, first bathymetric maps

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21
Q

First systematic ocean study US

A

6 ships, not well run, Albatros built to study oceans

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22
Q

Bathspheres

A

great depth, lowered on cable, tethered to surface

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23
Q

Bathyscaph

A

navigate, “Trieste” in mariana trench

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24
Q

2003 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

A

initiated by US and Japan

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25
Submersibles
by 1970 about 60 of them, most famous: Alvin
26
SONAR
"sound navigation and ranging"
27
Satellites
opex poseidan, determines sea level
28
GPS
location of ship, triangulation technique using 3 or more satellites, distance between receiver on earth
29
How many oceans are there?
3-5...(Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern?, Arctic?
30
Properties of water
it can dissolve stuff, heats and cools more slowly than other liquids, density decreases when it becomes a solid
31
How many electrons to chemically bond?
8
32
Covalent or ionic bonds stronger?
covalent
33
Dipolar molecule
one side pos, one neg...but still neutral
34
latent heat
heat needed to change phases or states
35
To evaporate water totally, boil at?
100 degrees C
36
Can water gain/lose a lot of heat without changing temp?
yes
37
Rocks have a low or high heat capacity?
low
38
Marine/Lake effect
moderates temp
39
Continental effect
land has a greater day/night temp range and during seasons
40
Salinity
amount of dissolved ions or substances
41
S(parts per million) =
1.80655 x chlorinity (parts per million)
42
Salinometer
converts conductivity to salinity
43
Ocean salinity?
33 to 38 ppm
44
Salinity varies more at...?
coastal areas
45
greater evaporation =....
raised salinity
46
Sea water's top two elements?
Chloride and Sodium
47
Residence time
avg length of time that something remain in the sea...(amount in sea)/(rate entering rivers
48
Oceans been around 3.4billion years, salinity has been constant for about?
1.5billion years
49
Addition of salt modifies seawater...
adding salt lowers freezing point
50
Density _____ with salinity
increases
51
3 of the main physical properties oceanographers use
temp, salinity, density
52
Density __ as temp __ and salinity __ and pressure __
raises, lowers, raises, raises
53
Isotherms
lines of equal temp
54
Salinity decrease
precipitation, runoff, ice melting
55
Salinity increase
evaporation
56
Pycnocline
rapid change in density, 18% of ocean basin
57
Deep layer
80% of ocean volume
58
Where did all the water come from?
volcanic activity, comets
59
Plate tectonics
greek: to build
60
Alfred Wegener
german climatologist and geophysicist
61
Pangea evidence..
fit of the continents, correlation across ocean basins, paleoclimate
62
Granite...
continental crust
63
Basalt...
oceanic crust
64
Oceanic plate...
thinner, denser, basalt comp.
65
Continental plate...
thicker, less dense, granite comp.
66
DIVERGENT
midocean ridges, processes: seasfloor formation, volcanism, high heat flow, earthquakes, BajaCali Mexico RedSea
67
CONVERGENT
A) continental oceanic, processes: seafloor recycled, earthquakes, volcanism. B) oceanic oceanic, Japan Indonesia Philipines C) continental continental, processes: mountain building, earthquake HimalayaMountains
68
Continental slope...
true edge of the continent, silt & clay, 4 degree av slope
69
Continental rise...
little relief, .5-1degrees, less than or equal to 10km thick
70
Abyssal plain...
very flat, sediment covering irregularities in basalt below,.,slumps, wind, critters, turbidity currents, (oceanic trenches trap sediment)
71
Mid-ocean ridge...
elevated because hot, 1000s km wide, pillow basalts
72
course->
high velocity high energy
73
fine->
lower velocity lower energy
74
Active Margins...
plate boundary and coastline coincide, convergent plate boundary, SF destroyed, earthquakes, volcanism, mountain building
75
Passive Margins...
coastline w/o plate boundaries, few earthquakes, no volcanism, no SF destruction, typically wide continental shelves, wide beaches, deltas, coral reefs
76
Transitional intersection of transform fault & coastline(margin)
no subduction zone, horizontal movement of faults, typically narrow shelf
77
Deep sea or oceanic trenches...
v-shaped, 1000s km long
78
Submarine canyons...
large v-shaped canyons, cut the slope rise and sometimes the shelf, perpendicular to shore, sometimes associated with rivers, formed by turbidity currents
79
Turbidity current...
dense slurry of mud and water, can be caused by slumping or earthquakes, brings sediments to abyssal plains, 10,000 years between turbidity currens

Oceans Geology (1 decks)

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