Oceans part 2

Question 1

Wave motion is caused by

Answer 1

the effects of wind acting on the surface of the ocean (friction).

Question 2

The motion of water follows _____

Answer 2

looping orbitals

Question 3

Wave orbitals begin to ____ in shallow water due to ____

Answer 3

flatten, drag forces at the base of the seafloor

Question 4

Zone of strong erosion

Answer 4

Region where wave crests overtake deeper water causing waves to break in the surf zone

Question 5

Longshore drift

Answer 5

When waves approach the shore and undergo refraction, the oscillating motions are converted to longshore current which carries sediments

Question 6

Sediments are carried in the direction of ___

Answer 6

longshore current

Question 7

Tides originate from

Answer 7

gravitational interactions with the sun and moon

Question 8

Locations of high/low tide

Answer 8

High tides are both nearest and furthest from the center of mass, and low tides at 90 degrees

Question 9

Most areas experience high tide during:

Answer 9

lunar days (every 24 hours and 50 minutes)

Question 10

In the open ocean, the tide typically rises and falls by ___

Answer 10

1 m

Question 11

The tidal range is amplified by _____

Answer 11

shallow water

Question 12

Bay of fundy tide

Answer 12

16 m

Question 13

Spring tides

Answer 13

When the sun and moon are in line with the earth, the highest seasonal tides are created

Question 14

Neap tides

Answer 14

The sun and moon are at 90 degrees to each other with respect to the earth. The resulting tides are the mildest tidal ranges of the year and generate the lowest high tides.

Question 15

Submergence

Answer 15

result of changes in sea levels where land submerges under the sea

Question 16

Emergence

Answer 16

result of changes in sea levels where new land emerges

Question 17

Eustatic changes

Answer 17

changes that result from a combination of worldwide sea-level change

Question 18

How ice affects eustatic change in sea levels

Answer 18

Glaciers, ice sheets, and ice caps change volume over geologic time due to changes in climate. In cool periods, they sequester significant water from oceans, causing lower global sea levels.

Question 19

Causes of local changes to sea level

Answer 19

tectonic movements, isostatic responses to ice caps and ice sheets, and the compaction of sediments.

Question 20

Where ocean sediments can be deposited

Answer 20

oceans near the coast, on the continental shelf, or the deep ocean

Question 21

Examples of ocean deposits on the coast

Answer 21

deltas, estuaries, and beaches

Question 22

Pelagic sediments

Answer 22

deep ocean sediment deposited

Question 23

Benthic zone versus pelagic zone

Answer 23

benthic zone refers to the bottom of the ocean where organisms live and pelagic refers to the water column

Question 24

Pelagic sections

Answer 24

photic zone and aphotic zone

Question 25

Photic zone

Answer 25

zone of the pelagic zone where sunlight reaches (200 meters)

Question 26

Aphotic zone

Answer 26

zone of the pelagic zone where sunlight does not reach

Question 27

Littoral zone

Answer 27

When dividing the ocean as a function of distance from the shore, the littoral zone is the thin region near the shore that experiences tides.

Question 28

Neritic zone

Answer 28

When dividing the ocean as a function of distance from the shore, the neritic zone goes from the position of the low tide to the continental shelf slope.

Question 29

Oceanic zone

Answer 29

When dividing the ocean as a function of distance from the shore, it is the zone beyond the shelf.

Question 30

Deltas

Answer 30

forms in areas where a river enters the sea, and the erosional action of waves and currents are not great enough to remove all sediment being transported into the river causing a sediment pile to build out into the sea.

Question 31

Estuaries

Answer 31

Semi-encolsed embayments that are fed by freshwater from one or more rivers and are areas of rapid changing salinity and an environment where significant sediment may occur.

Question 32

Salinity of freshwater

Answer 32

<500 ppm

Question 33

Open ocean salinity

Answer 33

35000 ppm (35%)

Question 34

Beaches

Answer 34

accumulations of well-sorted sediment that lie at the edge of the water

Question 35

Areas of a beach shoreline that experience weaker wave action accumulate ___ sediment and ___ beaches.

Answer 35

more, wider

Question 36

Carbonate Shorelines

Answer 36

In clear tropic areas, organisms build reefs (structures of calcium carbonate built from the seafloor)

Question 37

Atolls

Answer 37

When reefs are built on areas with tectonic rings around volcanic islands.

Question 38

Continental shelves

Answer 38

large areas that are part of the continent where the depth below sea level is greater than 200 m.

Question 39

Continental shelves are covered by

Answer 39

clastic sediment (sand and mud) or carbonate sediment in tropical areas of high productivity

Question 40

Pelagic sediments

Answer 40

cover the deep ocean and are comprised of pelagic clay particles that settle through the water column and ultimately deposit

Question 41

Pelagic clay

Answer 41

clay from pelagic ooze (shells of microscopic organisms) and continents/islands.

Question 42

Turbidite

Answer 42

A geologic deposit that may reach the deep seafloor is caused by gravity-driven avalanches of sediment at the connection of the continental shelf to the deep seafloor connection.

Question 43

Carbonate oozes are more common than carbonate shells because:

Answer 43

carbonate shells are more susceptible to dissolution before deposition

Question 44

Pelagic ooze

Answer 44

comprised of micron-scale carbonate and silica shells of planktonic organisms