ochem

Question 1

Alkanes

Answer 1

saturated hydrocarbon
only contains C-H and C-C single bonds
Chemical formula: CnH2n+2

Question 2

Alkenes

Answer 2

unsaturated hydrocarbon
single C-H and double C-C bonds
Chemical formula: CnH2n
* double bonds have priority when counting direction
when double bond is at C #1, don’t put number in the middle of the last thing

Question 3

Complete structural diagram

Answer 3

shows all the atoms in a structure and the way they are bonded to one another

Question 3

Alkynes

Answer 3

unsaturated hydrocarbon
single C-H and triple C-C bonds
Chemical formula: CnH2n-2

Question 4

Condensed structural diagram

Answer 4

Shows the bonds between the carbon atoms but not those between the carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 4

Number of C atoms: 2

Answer 4

Ethane

Question 4

Number of C atoms: 1

Answer 4

Methane

Question 5

Line structural diagram

Answer 5

shows only lines representing bonds between carbon atoms

Question 5

Number of C atoms: 4

Answer 5

Butane

Question 6

Number of C atoms: 3

Answer 6

Propane

Question 7

Number of C atoms: 5

Answer 7

Pentane

Question 8

Number of C atoms: 6

Answer 8

Hexane

Question 9

Number of C atoms: 7

Answer 9

Heptane

Question 10

Number of C atoms: 8

Answer 10

Octane

Question 11

Number of C atoms: 9

Answer 11

Nonace

Question 12

Propyl

Answer 12

-CH2CH2CH3 for alkyl

Question 12

Number of C atoms: 10

Answer 12

Decane

Question 13

Structural Isomers

Answer 13

Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures
Example:
- Pentane (C5H12)
- 2-methylbutane (C5H12)

Question 13

Isopropyl

Answer 13

CH3-CH-CH3 Where the middle Carbon is attached to another functional group
For alkyl
Also called Propan-2-yl

Question 13

Cycloalkane

Answer 13

Carbons are arranged in the form of a ring
Use a line diagram for the cyclic chain
Chemical formula: CnH2n

Question 14

Stereoisomers

Answer 14

Geometric Isomers
Pair of molecules differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms
Found in some, but not all, alkenes
Occurs due to the RESTRICTED rotation of the C=C bond
This produces two possible structures that are not interchangeable
Groups/atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond = trans-isomers
Groups/atoms are on the same side of the double bond = Cis-isomers

Question 14

Haloalkanes

Answer 14

one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted with halogen atoms (F, C l , Br, I)
1. Name using a prefix (fluoro-, chloro-, bromoor iodo-)
2. List in alphabetical order with alkyl groups and include a position #

Question 15

Benzene

Answer 15

C6H6
is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each
the bonding structure causes it to be very stable
electrons are shared over the entire molecule
considered 6 identical bonds (halfway between a C–C and C=C)
phenyl- if not parent chain. This is when the other carbon chain has more than 5 carbons.
ortho-ethylmethylbenzene when substituents are on carbon 1 and 2 of benzene
meta-ethylmethylbenzene when substituents are on carbon 1 and 3 of benzene
para-ethylmethylbenzene when substituents are on carbon 1 and 4 of benzene

Question 16

Aromatic Compounds

Answer 16

compounds containing a benzene ring

Question 17

Benzenol

Answer 17

Common name: phenol Benzene ring with OH group attached to one C. When more than one OH on Benzene, can;t be phenol For example: OH on Carbon 1 and 2 of Benzene ring is called benzene-1,2-diol

Question 18

Properties of Ethers

Answer 18

Like alkanes, ethers are unreactive substances. Pure ethers cannot form hydrogen bonds and have lower boiling points than similar (carbon length) alcohols. Slightly higher boiling points than hydrocarbon of the same length because the C-O bond is a polar bond

Question 18

Properties of alcohols

Answer 18

Because alcohols have an -OH group, they can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. This leads to: Higher boiling points and greater solubility than alkanes of the same size Polar -OH group, and non-polar hydrocarbon chain The more hydrocarbons that are attached to one OH, the less soluble it is in water.

Question 19

Thiols

Answer 19

Contain Sulfhydryl group, -SH have a strong odour (ex. skunk, garlic, sewage, additive to natural gas). mainly nonpolar due to the -SH bond (H and S have very similar EN’s). lower melting and boiling points compared to similar length alcohols. Increasing boiling points with more C-H bonds

Question 19

Aldehyde

Answer 19

Contain the carbonyl (C=O) functional group Has the C=O at the end of a parent chain More polar than ketones because of the C-H bonds lower boiling point than alcohol

Question 20

Ketone

Answer 20

Contain the carbonyl (C=O) functional group Has a C=O within the parent chain

Question 21

Carboxylic acid

Answer 21

-oic acid R-COOH When a benzene ring is attached to a carbon that is a carboxylic acid, it's called phenylmethanoic acid (common name: benzoic acid) The polar carboxyl groups cause carboxylic acids to have higher melting points compared to hydrocarbons of similar lengths Since they are polar, carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules Smaller acids are soluble in water Longer carbon chains in larger acids make them relatively insoluble in water. Carboxylic acids are found in citrus fruits, rhubarb, and other foods with a sour taste.

Question 22

Ester

Answer 22

R-COOR' -oate Esters have a carbonyl group, but no hydroxyl group. This makes them: Less soluble in water than their corresponding carboxylic acids Esters with ≤4 carbons are soluble in water while larger esters are insoluble Have lower boiling points than their corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids Smaller esters are gases and liquids at room temperature, but the larger esters are waxy solids

Question 22

Amines

Answer 22

an organic compound derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups polar compounds that can form hydrogen bonds amines have higher boiling / melting points than similar-sized hydrocarbons amines with low molecular masses have a fishy /decaying odours lower boiling points than similar sized alcohol molecules due to N-H being less polar than O-H

Question 23

Amides

Answer 23

R-CONR' Contain a polar carbonyl group and 1º and 2º amides have at least one –NH group which allows them to form strong hydrogen bonds among themselves Smaller amides are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water

Question 24

catalysts

Answer 24

FeCl3, FeBr3, AlCl3

Question 24

toluene

Answer 24

a benzene ring with a hydrocarbon on one of the carbons.

Question 25

UV lights

Answer 25

used when its a cyclohexane with a halogen

Question 26

Acid

Answer 26

Acid like H2SO4 is added to a alkene+water to help make alcohol. can be for hydration and dehydration