Oct. 12 notes

Question 1

Focused Attention

Answer 1

• ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli
• least likely to be compromised by brain injury

Question 2

Selective Attention

Answer 2

• ability to maintain focus in the face of distracting/competing stimuli
• ex. task counting # of E’s and R’s surrounded by other letters
• Load stress: too much information at once
• Speed stress: information presented too quickly

Question 3

Sustained Attention

Answer 3

-ability to maintain attention and remain alert to stimuli over prolonged periods of time

Question 4

Alternating Attention

Answer 4

-ability to shift focus and move between tasks with different cognitive requirements

Question 5

Divided Attetention

Answer 5

• ability to do more than one task at the same time

- multitasking

Question 6

Posner’s Model of Attention

Answer 6

• Alerting network -> intrinsic awareness & phase alertness
• Orienting network
• Executive network
• alerting network activates orienting network which activates executive network to take action or return to intrinsic awareness

Question 7

Orienting network structures

Posner’s model

Answer 7

• superior parietal
• temporal parietal junction
• frontal eye fields
• superior colliculus

Question 8

Alerting network structures

Posner’s model

Answer 8

• locus coeruleus
• right frontal
• parietal cortex

Question 9

Executive network structures

Posner’s model

Answer 9

• anterior cingulate
• lateral ventral
• prefrontal
• basal ganglia

Question 10

Inattention

Answer 10

• inattentional blindness
• change blindness
• attentional blink

Question 11

Inattentional blindness

Answer 11

• failure to notice something during the performance of another task
• ex. monkey video

Question 12

Change blindness

Answer 12

-failure to detect changes in the presence, identity, or location of objects in scenes

Question 13

Attentional blink

Answer 13

-failure to detect a second stimulus if its is presented within 500 ms of the first

Question 14

Attention => Memory

Answer 14

-sensory memory transfered to short term memory transfered to long term memory

Question 15

Models of memory

sensory modality, content, time

Answer 15

• sensory modality based: auditory, visual, tactile, gustative, olfactive
• content based: faces, objects, names, spatial memory, autobiographical memory
• time based: retrograde (past), anterograde (present), prospective (future)

Question 16

Encoding, Retention, Recognition

Answer 16

• forming
• maintaining
• recognizing

Question 17

Sensory memory

Answer 17

• very short (1-5 s)
• visual input (iconic store)
• auditory input (echoic store)
• input from other senses (gustative, olfactory, tactile stores)

Question 18

Short term memory

Answer 18

• temporary storage of information that is being processed in any range of cognitive tasks (30s - 1 min)
• limited space
• relay station -> sends info to long-term memory or uses info right away and then forgets

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

• temporarily stores and manipulates information (oppose to short term which temporarily stores but does not manipulate)
• visuospatial sketchpad (visual), episodic buffer (visual & auditory or other), phonological loop (auditory)

Question 20

Long-term memory

Answer 20

• explicit
• implicit
• emotional

Question 21

Explicit memory (LTM)

Answer 21

• conscious

- episodic, semantic

Question 22

Implicit memory (LTM)

Answer 22

• unconscious

- skills, habits, priming, conditioning

Question 23

Emotional memory (LTM)

Answer 23

• conscious and unconscious

- attraction, avoidance, fear

Question 24

Anatomy of memory/amnesia

Answer 24

-hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, temporal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, frontal lobe, papez circuit (fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate)

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

- familiar surroundings/where objects are located - appointments or events - memory encoding - verbal (left), and visual (right) memory

Question 26

Amygdala

Answer 26

- emotional conditioning, storing emotional events, coding emotional signals - stimulation results in emotional feelings, damage disrupts emotional memory but not implicit & explicit

Question 27

Parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 27

-role in semantic memory

Question 28

Temporal cortex

Answer 28

-semantic memory (anterior temporal lesions impair semantic memory, and retrograde memories)

Question 29

Frontal cortex

Answer 29

-encoding, autobiographical retrieval, and working memory

Question 30

Cerebellum

Answer 30

- plays role in classical conditioning (implicit) | - lesions to cerebellum abolish conditioned response to puff of air to eye

Question 31

Basal ganglia

Answer 31

-loss of cells in basal ganglia lead to implicit memory deficits (ex. huntingtons disease, learning skills)

Question 32

Papez Circuit

Answer 32

- fornix: mammillary body and hippocampal projections - mamillary bodies: receive input from medial temporal lobe and project to anterior thalamic nuclei, Korsakoffs syndrome - anterior thalamic nuclei: hippocampal connections, projects to cingulate, anterograde amnesia - cingulate: anterior->goal directed behaviors, posterior->highly connected, associated with amnesia

Question 33

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 33

-inability to aquire new memories

Question 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 34

-inability to remember old memories

Question 35

Global Amnesia

Answer 35

-transient, loss of old memories and inability to form new memories

Question 36

Patient H.M.

Answer 36

- history of epilepsy - had bilateral hippocampectomy (removed medial temporal lobes), resulted in onset of amnesia (still had intact intelligence) - lead to finding that hippocampus is essential for memory encoding - able to learn to complete a task (implicit, procedural memory), but no explicit memory of ever having performed the task

Question 37

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Answer 37

- anterograde/retrograde amnesia, confabulation (saying untrue things as if they were true), lack of insight, apathy - caused by thiamine (B1 vitamin) deficiency due to alcoholism or malnutrition - damage to medial thalamus, mammillary bodies, and general atrophy

Question 38

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 38

- begins with anterograde amnesia, cellular change in medial temporal cortex - later results in retrograde amnesia with damage to temporal association areas and frontal cortical areas

Question 39

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Answer 39

- medial temporal lobe damage that leads to anterograde amnesia - damage to insula and surrounding regions produces retrograde amnesia