Oct. 9 Test Flashcards by James Parker

Stimulation of sensory receptors located in the sense organs

Sensation

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Active process by which sensations are organized and interpreted into meaningful patterns

Perception

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Weakest level of a stimulus needed to produce a sensation

Absolute threshold

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Absolute threshold is detected ____% of the time

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Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart

Difference threshold

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Difference threshold is detected ____% of the time

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Fraction denoting the difference threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of energy

Weber’s constant

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Minimum difference in stimuli that can be detected

Just noticeable difference

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Response to lines, color, textures and movement

Visual

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Response to pitch and loudness

Auditory

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Explain sensory adaptation

When you smell something or hear something for so long that you get used to it

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One becomes more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude

Sensitization

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One becomes less sensitive to stimuli of the same intensity

Desensitization

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Sensitization is a ____ adaptation and desensitization is a ____ adaptation

Positive, negative

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Spectrum of electromagnetic energy

Light

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The light we can see

Visible light

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The color of light

Hue

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What is the visible spectrum of light

400-700nm

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Cells that are sensitive to light

Photoreceptors

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What is the retina made of

Rods and cones

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Persistent sensations of color that are followed by perception of the complementary color when the first color is removed

Afterimage

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Name the two theories of color vision

Trichromatic theory, opponent process theory

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Different types of color blindness:

Trichromats, dichromate, monochromats

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Gestalt rules for perceptual organization

Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

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1. Use of contextual info or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern 2. Uses previous knowledge

Top-down processing

1. Organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize or form an image of the pattern they compose 2. Starting fresh

Bottom-up

Sensation that gives rise to a missed perception

Illusion

Two ways we can sense depth:

Monocular cues, Binocular cues

Created the illusion of depth perceived by one eye

Monocular cues

Closer objects appear to have rougher surface detail

Texture gradient

When moving, things closer to you will move faster

Motion parallax

Using two eyes to perceive depth

Binocular cues

Both eyes give two different images that we blend into one

Retinal disparity

The inward movement of our eyes

Convergence

Sound waves require a ____ to travel

Medium

The human ear is sensitive to sound wave with frequencies of ____ to ____ cycles per second

20, 20,000

The number of cycles per second expressed in hertz

Frequency

Describe the cochlea

1. Snail shaped 2. Basilar membrane 3. Organ of Corti

Pitch is sensed according to the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates in response

Place theory

Frequency of the sound waves needs to match with one's neural impulses in order to perceive lower pitches

Frequency theory

Two types of deafness:

Conductive and sensorineural

Due to damage of middle ear, hearing aids can help

Conductive deafness

Due to damage of the structures of the inner ear or auditory nerve

Sensorineural deafness

Receptor neurons on taste buds

Taste cells

Gate theory of pain:

Nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time

Informs one about the position and motion of parts of the body

Kinesthesis

Informs the brain as to whether one is physically upright

Vestibular sense

Inner ear helps us ____

Balance

Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from practice or experience

Learning

Classical conditioning:

1. Looks at involuntary things | 2. Form of learning in which a neural stimulus evokes a response

Unlearned response

Reflex

Environmental condition that evokes response

Stimulus

Reflexes can be learned through ____

Association

What can be learned through association

Reflexes

Ivan Pavlov's Experiment:

1. The dog thing 2. Form of classical conditioning 3. Meat powder placed on tongue 4. Dog was trained to salivate at the sound of a tone or bell

In classical conditioning, what never changes?

The response never changes, the stimulus can change

Fear reduction techniques:

Flooding and systematic desensitization

Flooding:

Expose person to their fear all at once

Systematic blah:

Same process but much slower and nicer

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

Operant behavior

Organisms learn to engage in behavior that is reinforced

Operant conditioning

Positive reinforcers:

Adds something to increase the probability of a behavior

Negative reinforcers:

Takes some bad thing away to result in a good behavior

Reinforcement of every correct response

Continuous reinforcement

Not every correct response is reinforced

Partial reinforcement

Fixed-interval schedule:

Fixed amount of time must elapse before the correct response will result in a reinforcer

Variable interval schedule:

1. Reinforcement is unpredictable 2. Variable amount of time elapses 3. Response rate tends to be low but steady

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

Fixed ratio schedule

Reinforcement is provided after an indefinite number of correct responses

Variable ration schedule

Behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior

Succesive approximations

Learning that is hidden or concealed

Latent learning

Albert Bandura experiment:

Studied imitation of aggressive models with children Group 1- Watched fight in person Group 2- Watched fight on tv Group 3- Watched cartoon fight Group 1 had the more aggressive responses

Sensation is roughly ____ for everyone

The same

Perception begins with ____

Sensations

Expectations come from ____

Past experiences

Sensory stimulation that is below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception

Subliminal stimulation

Muscular, colored part of the eye

Iris

Opening in the iris, sensitive to light and emotion

Pupil

Changes in thickness to adjust or accommodate images

Lens

Image is projected onto the ____

Retina

1. Densely packed at the center of the retina | 2. Color vision

Cones

1. Provide vision in black and white | 2. Peripheral vision

Rods

Complementary color pairs:

Red, green | Blue, yellow

Have normal color vision

Trichromats

Have partial color blindness

Dichromats

Totally color blind

Monochromats

Based on change of position relative to other objects

Perception of motion

Oct. 9 Test Flashcards

(87 cards)