Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Unit 3 and 4 > Ocular > Flashcards

Ocular Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Class: Direct muscarinic agonist

Mech: Pupillary constriction

Thera: Used in cataract surgery to constrict pupil intraoperatively

Tox: Bronchospasm, SLUDGE, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Class: Direct muscarinic agonist

Mech: Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow

Thera: Treatment of glaucoma (both open and acute closed angle); used less today due to SEs

Tox: Bronchospasm, SLUDGE, sweating
Decreased vision when patient has cataracts due to miosis and headache

Requires frequent dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbachol

A

Class: Direct muscarinic agonist

Mech: Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow

Thera: Treatment of glaucoma (both open and acute closed angle); used less today due to SEs

Tox: Bronchospasm, SLUDGE, sweating
Decreased vision when patient has cataracts due to miosis and headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Echothiophate iodide

A

Class: Indirect muscarinic agonist.

Mech: Irreversibly binds cholinesterase

Thera: Treatment of glaucoma (both open and acute closed angle); used less today due to SEs

Bronchospasm, SLUDGE, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atropine

A

Class: Antimuscarinic

Mech: Pupillary dilatation, paralysis of ciliary body

Thera: Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation

Tox: Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention

Misc: Very long acting so not used unless severe inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scopolamine

A

Class: Antimuscarinic

Mech: Pupillary dilatation, paralysis of ciliary body

Thera: Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation

Tox: Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Homatropine

A

Class: Antimuscarinic

Mech: Pupillary dilatation, paralysis of ciliary body

Thera: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (uveitis)

Tox: Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cyclopentolate

A

Class: Antimuscarinic

Mech: Pupillary dilatation, paralysis of ciliary body

Thera: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (uveitis)

Tox: Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tropicamide

A

Class: Antimuscarinic

Mech: Pupillary dilatation, paralysis of ciliary body

Thera: Most commonly used cycloplegia for eye exams

Tox: Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Epinephrine

A

Class: Direct adrenergic agonist

Mech: Dilation of episcleral vessels which allows for increased aqueous outflow.

Tox: Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertensio, MI, trembling, paleness, sweating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dipivefrin HCl

A

Class: Direct adrenergic agonist

Mech: Prodrug of Epi

Thera: Treatment of glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydroxyamphetamine

A

Class: Indirect adrenergic agonist

Mech: Release NE

Thera: Separates 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner’s; positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order which is an ominous sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cocaine

A

Class: Indirect adrenergic agonist

Mech: Prevent reuptake of NE

Thera: Use initially to confirm the diagnosis of Horner’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Apraclonidine

A

Class: Direct alpha agonist

Mech: Amino derivative of clonidine; does not cross BBB therefore has a minimal effect on BP

Thera: Treatment of open angle glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Class: Direct alpha1 agonist

Thera: Dilate pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery

Tox: Extrasystoles, palpitation, HTN, MI, trembling, paleness, sweating

Misc: Caution in elderly patients; at 10% can cause cardiac SEs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clonidine

A

Class: Direct alpha2 agonist

Mech: Lowers intraocular pressure through CNS SEs

17
Q

Brimondine tartrate

A

Class: Direct alpha2 agonist

Mech: Suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium

Thera: Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma.

Misc: May cause follicular conjunctivitis; use with MAOi can cause fatigue and drowsiness

18
Q

Dapiprazole

A

Class: Alpha antagonist

Mech: Blocks alpha adrenergic receptors in smooth dilator muscle of iris

Thera: Reverses topicamide, phenylephrine

Misc: Not currently available

19
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Class: Alpha1 antagonist

Thera: BPH

Tox: Floppy iris syndrome

Misc: Blocks iris dilator muscle, making cataract surgery much more difficult and with a much higher incidence of complications

20
Q

Timolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Carteolol

A

Class: Beta blocker

Mech: Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process

Thera: Second line treatment for glaucoma

Tox: Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, CHF, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, light-headedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia

Misc:
Timolol: Contraindicated in CHF, asthma, bradycardia, may cause bradycardia over time

Metipranolol: Only beta blocker that doesn’t follow the rule

21
Q

Betaxolol

A

Class: Beta1 blocker

Mech: Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process

Thera: Second line treatment for glaucoma

22
Q

Latanoprast
Travoprost
Bimatoprost

A

Class: Prostaglandin analog

Mech: Increase uveoscleral outflow

Thera: Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

Tox: Eyelash growth, change in iris color, intraocular inflammation

Misc: May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes
Travoprost: more effective in African Americans

23
Q

Unoprostone

A

Class: Prostaglandin analog

Mech: Increase uveoscleral outflow

Thera: glaucoma

Tox: Eyelash growth, change in iris color, intraocular inflammation

Misc: Least effective overall

24
Q

Nifedipine

A

Class: Ca-channel blocker

Mech: Increases ocular perfusion at nervehead

Thera: May aid in treatment of low tension glaucoma by systemic meds; not widely used

25
Q

Dorzolamide HCl

Brinzolamide

A

Class: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Mech: Reduce aqueous production via interference with the active transport transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump

Thera: Second line glaucoma

Tox: Red eyes, lid allergies

Misc: Dorzolamide HCl is contraindicated in sulfonamide allergies; these are drops

26
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Class: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Mech: Reduce aqueous production via interference with the active transport transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump

Thera: Oral agent used for advanced glaucoma and with cataract surgery

Pharmacology Unit 3 and 4 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions