Ocular

Question 1

What are possible causes of corneal edema?

Answer 1

• injury to epithelium (ulceration)
• injury to endothelium (dystrophy, increased IOP, immune-mediated)
• keratitis: leaky neovascularization

Question 2

What is Blue Eye?

Answer 2

corneal edema resulting from survival of infectious canine hepatitis infection
- immune complex deposition in corneal epithelium

Question 3

What is Hyphema?

Answer 3

blood in the anterior chamber

Question 4

What is buphthalmos?

Answer 4

enlarged eye due to accumulation of fluid

Question 5

What is the cause of primary glaucoma?

Answer 5

goniodysgenesis: a detectable malformation of the trabcular meshwork

Question 6

What are causes of secondary glaucoma?

Answer 6

anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork

• exudate
• lens luxation
• posterior or anterior synechia
• compression of filtration angle

Question 7

What is cataract?

Answer 7

• most common disease of the lens

- swelling/degeneration of lenticular fibers leading to opacity

Question 8

What is lenticular sclerosis?

Answer 8

• a senile change, not a cataract
• light can still come through
• lens fibers continue to differentiate throughout life

Question 9

What are the indications of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

Answer 9

• decreased vascularity
• optic disc atrophy
• changes in tapetal reflection

Question 10

What are the causes of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

Answer 10

• senile change
• inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells
• toxicity
• metabolic deficiencies (taurine, vit A)
• increased IOP
• retinal detachment

Question 11

What are the causes of retinal detachment?

Answer 11

• choroiditis, retinitis
• hemorrhage
• neoplasm
• trauma

Question 12

What are the gross features of conjunctivitis?

Answer 12

• hyperemia
• swelling/edema
• discharge
• chemosis
• pigmentation

Question 13

What are primary pathogen causes of conjunctivitis in cats?

Answer 13

• Herpesvirus
• Chlamydophilia
• Mycoplasma felis

Question 14

What are the corneal responses to injury?

Answer 14

• edema
• epithelial regeneration
• neutrophil mediated stromal lysis
• nevascularization
• stromal fibrosis

Question 15

Describe healing if the eye is only eroded

Answer 15

epithelial regeneration is very rapid

Question 16

Describe healing if the eye is ulcerated

Answer 16

stromal repair must proceed epithelial regeneration

Question 17

Describe healing if the eye has a chronic/persistent injury

Answer 17

• cutaneous metaplasia may occur

- cannot see out of the eye

Question 18

What are possible etiologies of keratitis?

Answer 18

• trauma
• bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella bovis)
• Chlamydia/Mycoplasma
• viruses: IBR, MCF, EHV-1
• fungi: aspergillosis, mucormycosis
• drying and desiccation: keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• idiopathic

Question 19

What is keratomalacia?

Answer 19

• melting ulcers

- necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma usually from leukocytes

Question 20

What is corneal sequestration?

Answer 20

• localized necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury
• affected area gets infiltrated with dark pigment present in tear film

Question 21

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

Describe the pathogenesis

Answer 21

• dry eye
• immune-mediated injury to lacrimal glands > decreased tears and/or change in composition of tears > drying out of conjunctiva/cornea > chronic irritation

Question 22

What is affected in anterior uveitis?

Answer 22

iris and ciliary body

Question 23

What is affected in posterior uveitis?

Answer 23

choroid

Question 24

What is affected in endophthalmitis?

Answer 24

uvea, retina, and vitreous

Question 25

What is affected in panophthalmitis?

Answer 25

cornea and sclera

Question 26

What are some causes of uveitis?

Answer 26

- hypersensitivity: feline idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis, equine recurrent uveitis - infectious - lens-induced

Question 27

What are some consequences of uveitis?

Answer 27

- synechia - preiridal fibrovascular membrane - iris bombe - cataracts - lens luxation - glaucoma - retinal detachment - phthisis bulbi

Question 28

Define dyscoria

Answer 28

abnormal shape of pupil

Question 29

What is the most common cause of blindness in equines?

Answer 29

equine recurrent uveitis

Question 30

What is lens-induced uveitis? | What are the two types?

Answer 30

inflammatory response to lens proteins - phacolytic: leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract - phacoclastic: rupture of the lens

Question 31

What are some causes of retinitis?

Answer 31

- extension of choroiditis or encephalitis - neurotropic viral infections - visceral larval migrans

Question 32

What is collie eye anomaly? | What are the ophthalmoscopic findings?

Answer 32

- scleral ectasia - retinal vessel tortuosity - choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia - optic nerve coloboma - retinal separation with intraocular hemorrhage

Question 33

What is a cause of cyclopia/synopthalmos?

Answer 33

ingestion of veratrum californicum on day 14 of gestation

Question 34

What is microphthalmia?

Answer 34

when the globe is too small so the eyes do not open completely

Question 35

What is corneal dermoid?

Answer 35

haired skin develops on the conjunctiva or cornea

Question 36

What is a coloboma?

Answer 36

notch-like defects of optic disc, retina, and/or uvea as a result of defective closure of the embryonic fissure of the eye

Question 37

Features of Feline diffuse Iris Melanoma

Answer 37

- most common intraocular neoplasm - most are malignant: raised lesions, velvet surface, distortion of pupils/iris - rate of glaucoma high - rate of metastasis low

Question 38

Features of Ciliary Adenoma/Carcinoma

Answer 38

- more often in dogs than cats - most are benign - discrete nodules in posterior segment

Question 39

Features of intraocular sarcoma

Answer 39

- unique to cats - arises following ocular trauma - malignant

Question 40

Features of uveal lymphoma

Answer 40

- most common metastasis involving the eye - thickening/pallor of the uvea - exudate in anterior chamber