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Ophtho > Ocular Anatomy and Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ocular Anatomy and Pharmacology Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Which animals have a complete orbital ring?

A 
Horse
Ox
Sheep
Cattle
Goat
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2
Q

Which animals have an incomplete ocular ring?

A

Pig
Dog
Cat

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3
Q

What are the bones that comprise the orbital anatomy (species dependent)? (7)

A 
Frontal
Temporal
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Palatine
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4
Q

What bone does a dog’s orbit “lack” and what structure takes its place?

A

Temporal

Supraorbital ligament

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5
Q

What foramina are present in a dog’s orbit? (4)

A

Ethmoidal
Optic
Orbital fissure
Alar

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6
Q

What bones does a horse’s orbit “lack?”

A

Maxillary and palatine

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7
Q

What are the foramina present in a horse’s orbit? (5)

A 
Ethmoidal
Optic
Orbital fissure
Rostral alar
Supraorbital
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8
Q

What are the four rectus muscles, two oblique muscles, and other muscle attached to the eye?

A

Superior/dorsal
Inferior/ventral
Medial
Lateral

Superior/dorsal
Inferior/ventral

Retractor bulbi

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9
Q

What muscles does CN3 innervate?

A

Dorsal, medial, ventral rectus

Ventral oblique

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10
Q

What muscles does CN4 innervate?

A

Dorsal oblique

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11
Q

What muscles does CN6 innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

Retractor bulbi

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12
Q

What are the three locations of conjunctiva?

A 
Bulbar
Palpebral
Third eyelid
- Anterior
- Posterior
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13
Q

What are the functions of the conjunctiva?

A 
Tear film
Reduce friction of blinking
Anatomic barrier
Immunity
Others
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14
Q

What are the areas of the lacrimal system?

A 
Orbital lacrimal gland
Gland of the third eyelid
Nasolacrimal duct
- 2 punctae
- Punctum -> cannaliculus -> Lacrimal sac -> duct -> nose
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15
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory

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16
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous layer of the eye and what do they do?

A

Cornea and sclera

Support and protection; provides shape to the eye

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17
Q

What are the parts of the vascular layer of the eye and what do they do?

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A

Uveal tract (pigmented) - Iris, ciliary body, choroid

Provide nutrients, oxygen
Removes waste products
Aqueous humor production
Lens accomodation
Pupil shape
18
Q

What are the muscles of the iris?

Study These Flashcards
A

Sphincter muscle to constrict pupil

Dilator muscle to open pupil

19
Q

What are the parts and functions of the ciliary body?

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A 
Anchor fibers that support lens
Produce aqueous humor
Contain muscles that alter lens shape
- Accomodation
- Near vs. distance vision
20
Q

Where does the trabecular pathway exit the pupil into the cornea?

Study These Flashcards
A

Iridocorneal angle

21
Q

What happens if an animal has a closed iridocorneal angle?

Study These Flashcards
A

Increased risk of glaucoma dt increased IOP

22
Q

What is the sensory layer of the eye and what does it do?

Study These Flashcards
A

Retina
Highly developed structure
Needs precise arrangement for optimal function
Species differences

23
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

24
Q

What are the structures present in the lens?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Lens capsule
Anterior lens epithelium
Lens fibers
- Cortex
- Nucleus
Lens proteins
Water

*Fibers added throughout life

25
What structures support the lens and how do they function?
Zonules Vitreous Iris Help focus light on the retina Free of nerves and blood vessels
26
What structures comprise the fundus?
``` Vitreous Retina - Vessels - Tapetum - Non-tapetum Optic disc ```
27
What retinal vascular pattern do dogs and cats have and what does that mean?
Holngiotic The entirety of the retina is perfused by retinal vessels
28
What vascular pattern do horses have and what does it mean?
Paurangiotic Tiny vessels only extend into retina a few mm, poorly vascularized
29
What vascular pattern do birds have and what does it mean?
Anangiotic Blood supply comes from the choroid
30
What vascular pattern do rabbits have and what does it mean?
Merangiotic Retinal vessels only medially and laterally from optic nerve
31
What is the order in which eye drops should be applied?
Watery Oily Gels Ointments - Wait 5 minutes between drops - Only administer 1 drop at a time - Ocular surface holds 10-25uL
32
What areas of the eye are accessed via topical administration?
``` Eyelids Conjunctiva Cornea - Epithelium is main site of resistance to drug penetration - Fat-water-fat sandwich Iris Anterior uvea ```
33
Sobconjunctival injection facts
``` Max volumes - SA: .25mL - LA: 1.0mL 27g or 25g needle Bulbar conjunctiva Used alone or along with topical therapy ```
34
What areas of the eye does subconjunctival injection reach?
Cornea Anterior uvea Anterior vitreous Sclera ``` Most typically utilized for corticosteroid delivery Duration of subconjunctival injection - Prednisone 24-48h - Triamcinolone 2-3wk - Methylprednisolone 3-4wk - Betamethasone 3-4wk ```
35
Retrobulbar injection facts
``` Performed for local anesthesia Typically used in large animals Options: - Caudal to dorsal orbital rim - Peterson block - 4 point block Lidocaine is most common ```
36
Ocular implant facts
``` Sustained release of drug to ocular tissues Vet med = cyclosporine implant Most common uses: - Episcleral cyclosporine implant - Dry eye diseases - Immune-mediated keratitis - Suprachoroidal implant - Equine recurrent uveitis ```
37
Systemic administration facts
Generally does not penetrate the anterior segment as well as topical or subconjunctival medications Blood-ocular barrier prevents access to eye Provides treatment for - Retina - Optic nerve - Vitreous Often required for eyelid diseases
38
Subpalpebral lavage facts
- Medication administration system through eyelid - Input medications in system at animal's shoulder - Medication "pushed" up to eye by flushing with air - Commercial kit available from Mila International - Allows frequent medication administration - Only aqueous based medications should be used - Not for creams or ointments - Wait 5 min between meds - Most commonly used in horses - Minimizes risks - Less risk for eye trauma from syringe or ointment tube - No pressure on eye for administration - Well tolerated by animal - less stressful - Minimal placement side effects
39
CRI pump facts
Attaches to subpalpebral lavage catheter Automated delivery system Preset to specific rate (1-7d to give 10mL) Commercially available NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE AT THIS TIME
40
What is the triple Abx combination and why is it effective?
Neomycin Polymyxin Bacitracin - ointment Gramicidin - sol'n Inexpensive and broad spectrum
41
T/F: Triple Abx are very effective in cats
False; DO NOT USE IN CATS

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