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Spring 1 > Ocular Conditions > Flashcards

Ocular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Uveitis?

A

Uveitis is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea or uveal tract. It can cause eye pain and changes to your vision.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Uveitis?

A

aching, painful, red eye

small pupil, irregular outline.

blurred vision

eye looks cloudy

Headaches

Light sensitivity

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3
Q

What are the causes of Uveitis?

A

cause remains unclear

inflammation of the uvea (inside of eye) and/or iris

affects mainly children and young adults.

often associated with trauma or autoimmune response

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4
Q

Describe the typical therapy for Uveitis

A

Treatment for uveitis will depend on which areas of the eye are affected and what caused the condition.

Corticosteroid eye drops
(e.g. dexamethasone)

Corticosteroid injections

Mydriatic eye drops
(e.g. atropine sulfate)

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5
Q

Symptoms of Blepharitis?

A

itchy, sore red eyelids

eyelids stick together, problems opening eyes on waking

crusty eyelashes

burning, gritty sensation in the eyes,

photophobia

abnormal eyelash growth/eyelash loss

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6
Q

Symptoms of Blepharitis?

A

itchy, sore red eyelids

eyelids stick together, problems opening eyes on waking

crusty eyelashes

burning, gritty sensation in the eyes,

photophobia

abnormal eyelash growth/eyelash loss

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7
Q

Causes of Blepharitis?

A

Sebaceous glad dysfunction
leading to/caused by:

staphylococcal infection

infestation of lice or demodex mites

allergic reaction e.g. mascara

fungal infection

viral infection (rare)

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8
Q

Describe the typical therapy of Blepharitis

A

Most people experience repeated episodes, separated by periods without symptoms

Daily eyelid-cleaning routine can help control the symptoms

More severe cases may require antibiotics that are either applied topically, or taken orally.

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9
Q

What is a stye?

A

A small, painful lump on the inside or outside of the eyelid

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10
Q

Symptoms of stye?

A

swollen/’lumpy’ eyelid

redness

swelling and tenderness lasting several days

often a white ‘head’ in centre of swelling

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11
Q

Causes of stye?

A

acute staphylococcal infection of the sebaceous glands

in-growing eyelash

can be associated with blepharitis

recurrent in diabetics

positive correlation with stress

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12
Q

Typical therapy of stye?

A

Most styes get better without treatment within a few days or weeks.

Topical antibiotics

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13
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

Name the different types

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva

  • bacterial
  • allergic
  • chlamydial
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14
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis?

A

pollen (hay fever)

dust mites

make up

animal fur

eye drops

unclean contact lens

bacterial/viral

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15
Q

Typical therapy of conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctivitis often doesn’t require treatment as the symptoms usually clear up within a couple of weeks

Allergic conjunctivitis: azelastine hydrochloride eye drops

Infective conjunctivitis: chloramphenicol or fusidic acid

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16
Q

What is Keratitis?

A

inflammation of the cornea

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17
Q

Symptoms of keratitis

A

eyelid oedema

conjunctival inflammation

discharge

corneal ulceration

‘pink eye’

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18
Q

Causes of keratitis

A

bacterial (contact lenses, trauma)

viral (Herpes simplex)

fungal (Candida)

parasitic (Acanthamoeba) pools, hot tubs, contact lens solution

most common cause of blindness

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19
Q

Typical therapy of keratits?

A

Depending on the severity of the infection, an oral antibiotic may be prescribed along with an antibiotic ointment or eye drops

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20
Q

What is Ectropion

A

A condition in which the eyelid turns outward

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21
Q

Symptoms of Ectropion?

A

Permanently watery eye

Eyelid sags away from the eye

Exposure of conjunctival surface

Exposure of corneal surface

Decreased vision

Ocular surface pain

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22
Q

causes of Ectropion

A

weak muscles around the eyes (associated with old age)

Injury to the skin around the eyes

Bell’s palsy (also known as facial palsy)

Congenital (genetic) defect

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23
Q

typical therapy of Ectropion

A

Mild cases may not need any treatment

In more severe cases, an operation to correct the problem will probably be recommended

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24
Q

Define Exophthalmos (Proptosis)

A

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

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25
Q

Symptoms of Exophthalmos (Proptosis)

A

eyelids forced apart

staring expression

impaired eye movement

double/blurred vision

dry and itchy eyes

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26
Q

Causes of Exophthalmos (Proptosis)

A

increase in the volume of tissue behind the eyes

Associated with hyperthyroidism

Hereditary disease (Grave’s)

infection of the sinuses (in children)

protrusion of one eye likely caused by cyst, cancer, brain tumour or blood clot

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27
Q

What is a cataracts?

A

A clouding of the lens in the eye

28
Q

Symptoms of cataracts?

A

Blurred, cloudy and/or misty vision

Gradual visual deterioration

Age- and environment-related

Discomfort in bright light

Colours appear faded

Reading, watching TV more difficult than used to be

Glasses becoming less effective

29
Q

Causes of cataracts?

A

Protein aggregation in lens

Eye injury

Diabetes

Uveitis

30
Q

Risk factors that can lead to cataracts?

A

Smoking

Overexposure to sunlight

Steroids for long time

31
Q

Typical therapy?

A

Surgery is the only type of treatment that’s proven to be effective for cataracts

32
Q

What is Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)?

A

A decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation

33
Q

Symptoms of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

ocular irritation (dryness, grittiness, soreness)

typically bilateral presentation

worsens through the day

redness of eyes

Complications: scarring, conjunctivitis, light sensitivity, corneal thinning

34
Q

Causes of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

concomitant illness

hormonal changes

ageing

loss of tear fluid (defects in: lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, eyelid, cornea, tear ducts

35
Q

Typical treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

Ocular lubricants (e.g. eye drops with Carbomers® or hydroxyethylcellulose

36
Q

Define Glaucoma

A

A group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss

37
Q

Symptoms of glaucoma

A

Largely asymptomatic due to slow onset, age-related
Impairment of peripheral vision

Hazy or blurred vision
The appearance of rainbow-colored circles around bright lights

Severe eye and head pain
Nausea or vomiting (accompanying severe eye pain
Sudden sight loss.

38
Q

Causes of glaucoma

A

trigger(s) unknown
Glaucoma is related to the damage of the optic nerve usually associated with excessive pressure within the eye
This excessive intraocular pressure is caused by misbalance in production and drainage in the aqueous humour
trabecular meshwork progressively impaired/blocked

39
Q

What are the types of glaucoma?

A

Open-Angle Glaucoma

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

40
Q

Describe Open-Angle Glaucoma

A 
most common 
      (~90 %); 
slow clogging of the drainage canals;
develops slowly; 
a lifelong condition
41
Q

Describe Angle-Closure Glaucoma

A

blocked drainage canals, resulting in a sudden rise in intraocular pressure;
develops very quickly

42
Q

What are the risk factors for developing glaucoma?

A

Age: primary open angle glaucoma is more common with increasing age (over 40);

Blood pressure: people with low blood pressure have a greater risk;

Race: People of African or Afro-Caribbean origin are at increased risk of developing chronic open-angle glaucoma and people of Asian origin are at increased risk of developing acute angle-closure glaucoma

Family history: people with close relatives with glaucoma are at increased risk

Short sight or long sight: people who are short-sighted (myopia) are more likely to develop chronic open-angle glaucoma

Medical history: people with diabetes may be at increased risk of developing glaucoma

43
Q

What are the typical therapies for glaucoma?

A 
Prostaglandin analogues 
Beta-blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 
Sympathomimetics
Miotics
44
Q

How do

Beta-blockers work and give an example

A

(reduce intraocular pressure by slowing down the production of aqueous humour in your eye);
e.g. Timolol maleate

45
Q

How do Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work and give an example

A

(reduce the amount of aqueous humour produced in your eye, which reduces intraocular pressure
e.g. Brinzolamide

46
Q

How do Sympathomimetics work and give an example

A

(reduce the rate of production of aqueous humour and increase the flow of aqueous humour out of the eyes);

e.g Brimonidine tartrate

47
Q

How do Miotics work and give an example

A

Miotics work by opening up the blocked trabecular meshwork, which should improve the drainage of aqueous humour out of your eye)
e.g Pilocarpine hydrochloride

48
Q

What are the symptoms of an acute injury? Foreign body/corneal scratch

A

Dry eye sensation

Sensation of “foreign body”

Appearance usually normal with some associated redness

Excessive tear production

49
Q

What is Diabetic retinopathy? and what causes it

A

damage that occurs to the retina due to diabetes
Microvascular changes due to poor control of blood sugar lead to degeneration of vascular walls

Affects 80% of patients with diabetes for >10 years

90% of cases are preventable if monitored and treated correctly

50
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A

Few, if any, early warning signs

Early stages only detectable by fundus photography

Early stages: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Later stages: vessels proliferate and vision deteriorates

51
Q

Typical therapies of diabetic retinopathy

A

laser treatment

intravitreal injections or intravitreal implant with
fluocinolone acetonide
(corticosteroid)

an operation to remove blood or scar tissue

52
Q

What causes subconjunctival heamorrhage?

A

mild physical trauma

53
Q

Symptoms of subconjunctival heamorrhage?

A

blood from burst blood vessel covers surface of the eyeball

Blood not in eyeball itself

Initial pain disappears quickly

No change in vision

54
Q

Typical therapies for subconjunctival heamorrhage?

A

No treatment is needed in the absence of infection or significant trauma

55
Q

What is age related macular degeneration (AMD)?

A

A painless eye condition that causes lose of central vision, usually in both eyes

56
Q

Symptoms of AMD?

A
  • reading becomes difficult
  • colours appear less vibrant
  • people’s faces are difficult to recognise
  • AMDdoes not affect the peripheral vision
57
Q

Typical treatments of AMD?

A

There’s currently no cure for either type of AMD;

Wet AMD can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medication - Ranibizumab (Lucentis)

58
Q

What is Dry AMD?

A

Dry AMD develops when the cells of the macula become damaged by a build-up of deposits called drusen. It’s the most common and least serious type of AMD, accounting for around 9 out of 10 cases

59
Q

What is Wet AMD?

A

Wet AMD – sometimes called neovascular AMD – develops when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells

60
Q

What are the symptoms of Myopia (short sightedness)?

A

distant objects appear blurred

close objects seen clearly

30% UK are myopic

Manifests from childhood – 25 years old

61
Q

Causes of Myopia (short sightedness)?

A

light not properly focussed on to back of the eye

eye too long from front to back

cornea too steeply curved

62
Q

How to correct myopia/hyperopia?

A

Lenses (glasses or contact lenses) used

Contact lenses are thin transparent plastic discs that sit on the cornea and are held in place owing by eyelid pressure exerted and tear fluid surface tension

Lenses are shaped according to the correction necessary

Myopia: a concave lens or “minus”

Hyperopia: a convex lenses or “plus”

63
Q

What are the different types of contact lens?

A

Rigid (hard or gas permeable)

Soft (hydrogel or silicone hydrogel)

64
Q

What are the complications of wearing contact lens?

A

Papillary conjunctivitus
Ulcerative keratitis
Acanthamoeba keratitis (sight threatening parasite)

65
Q

What are some rare eye conditions?

A

Cancer

Cicatricial pemphigoid - (autoimmune blistering)

Limbal stem cell deficiency

Corneal dystrophies

Keratoconus - (corneal degeneration)

Spring 1 (13 decks)

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