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Ocular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Uveitis?

A

Uveitis is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea or uveal tract. It can cause eye pain and changes to your vision.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Uveitis?

A

aching, painful, red eye

small pupil, irregular outline.

blurred vision

eye looks cloudy

Headaches

Light sensitivity

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3
Q

What are the causes of Uveitis?

A

cause remains unclear

inflammation of the uvea (inside of eye) and/or iris

affects mainly children and young adults.

often associated with trauma or autoimmune response

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4
Q

Describe the typical therapy for Uveitis

A

Treatment for uveitis will depend on which areas of the eye are affected and what caused the condition.

Corticosteroid eye drops
(e.g. dexamethasone)

Corticosteroid injections

Mydriatic eye drops
(e.g. atropine sulfate)

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5
Q

Symptoms of Blepharitis?

A

itchy, sore red eyelids

eyelids stick together, problems opening eyes on waking

crusty eyelashes

burning, gritty sensation in the eyes,

photophobia

abnormal eyelash growth/eyelash loss

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6
Q

Symptoms of Blepharitis?

A

itchy, sore red eyelids

eyelids stick together, problems opening eyes on waking

crusty eyelashes

burning, gritty sensation in the eyes,

photophobia

abnormal eyelash growth/eyelash loss

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7
Q

Causes of Blepharitis?

A

Sebaceous glad dysfunction
leading to/caused by:

staphylococcal infection

infestation of lice or demodex mites

allergic reaction e.g. mascara

fungal infection

viral infection (rare)

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8
Q

Describe the typical therapy of Blepharitis

A

Most people experience repeated episodes, separated by periods without symptoms

Daily eyelid-cleaning routine can help control the symptoms

More severe cases may require antibiotics that are either applied topically, or taken orally.

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9
Q

What is a stye?

A

A small, painful lump on the inside or outside of the eyelid

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10
Q

Symptoms of stye?

A

swollen/’lumpy’ eyelid

redness

swelling and tenderness lasting several days

often a white ‘head’ in centre of swelling

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11
Q

Causes of stye?

A

acute staphylococcal infection of the sebaceous glands

in-growing eyelash

can be associated with blepharitis

recurrent in diabetics

positive correlation with stress

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12
Q

Typical therapy of stye?

A

Most styes get better without treatment within a few days or weeks.

Topical antibiotics

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13
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

Name the different types

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva

  • bacterial
  • allergic
  • chlamydial
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14
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis?

A

pollen (hay fever)

dust mites

make up

animal fur

eye drops

unclean contact lens

bacterial/viral

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15
Q

Typical therapy of conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctivitis often doesn’t require treatment as the symptoms usually clear up within a couple of weeks

Allergic conjunctivitis: azelastine hydrochloride eye drops

Infective conjunctivitis: chloramphenicol or fusidic acid

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16
Q

What is Keratitis?

A

inflammation of the cornea

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17
Q

Symptoms of keratitis

A

eyelid oedema

conjunctival inflammation

discharge

corneal ulceration

‘pink eye’

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18
Q

Causes of keratitis

A

bacterial (contact lenses, trauma)

viral (Herpes simplex)

fungal (Candida)

parasitic (Acanthamoeba) pools, hot tubs, contact lens solution

most common cause of blindness

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19
Q

Typical therapy of keratits?

A

Depending on the severity of the infection, an oral antibiotic may be prescribed along with an antibiotic ointment or eye drops

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20
Q

What is Ectropion

A

A condition in which the eyelid turns outward

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21
Q

Symptoms of Ectropion?

A

Permanently watery eye

Eyelid sags away from the eye

Exposure of conjunctival surface

Exposure of corneal surface

Decreased vision

Ocular surface pain

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22
Q

causes of Ectropion

A

weak muscles around the eyes (associated with old age)

Injury to the skin around the eyes

Bell’s palsy (also known as facial palsy)

Congenital (genetic) defect

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23
Q

typical therapy of Ectropion

A

Mild cases may not need any treatment

In more severe cases, an operation to correct the problem will probably be recommended

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24
Q

Define Exophthalmos (Proptosis)

A

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

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25
Symptoms of Exophthalmos (Proptosis)
eyelids forced apart staring expression impaired eye movement double/blurred vision dry and itchy eyes
26
Causes of Exophthalmos (Proptosis)
increase in the volume of tissue behind the eyes Associated with hyperthyroidism Hereditary disease (Grave’s) infection of the sinuses (in children) protrusion of one eye likely caused by cyst, cancer, brain tumour or blood clot
27
What is a cataracts?
A clouding of the lens in the eye
28
Symptoms of cataracts?
Blurred, cloudy and/or misty vision Gradual visual deterioration Age- and environment-related Discomfort in bright light Colours appear faded Reading, watching TV more difficult than used to be Glasses becoming less effective
29
Causes of cataracts?
Protein aggregation in lens Eye injury Diabetes Uveitis
30
Risk factors that can lead to cataracts?
Smoking Overexposure to sunlight Steroids for long time
31
Typical therapy?
Surgery is the only type of treatment that's proven to be effective for cataracts
32
What is Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)?
A decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation
33
Symptoms of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
ocular irritation (dryness, grittiness, soreness) typically bilateral presentation worsens through the day redness of eyes Complications: scarring, conjunctivitis, light sensitivity, corneal thinning
34
Causes of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
concomitant illness hormonal changes ageing loss of tear fluid (defects in: lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, eyelid, cornea, tear ducts
35
Typical treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Ocular lubricants (e.g. eye drops with Carbomers® or hydroxyethylcellulose
36
Define Glaucoma
A group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss
37
Symptoms of glaucoma
Largely asymptomatic due to slow onset, age-related Impairment of peripheral vision Hazy or blurred vision The appearance of rainbow-colored circles around bright lights Severe eye and head pain Nausea or vomiting (accompanying severe eye pain Sudden sight loss.
38
Causes of glaucoma
trigger(s) unknown Glaucoma is related to the damage of the optic nerve usually associated with excessive pressure within the eye This excessive intraocular pressure is caused by misbalance in production and drainage in the aqueous humour trabecular meshwork progressively impaired/blocked
39
What are the types of glaucoma?
Open-Angle Glaucoma | Angle-Closure Glaucoma
40
Describe Open-Angle Glaucoma
``` most common (~90 %); slow clogging of the drainage canals; develops slowly; a lifelong condition ```
41
Describe Angle-Closure Glaucoma
blocked drainage canals, resulting in a sudden rise in intraocular pressure; develops very quickly
42
What are the risk factors for developing glaucoma?
Age: primary open angle glaucoma is more common with increasing age (over 40); Blood pressure: people with low blood pressure have a greater risk; Race: People of African or Afro-Caribbean origin are at increased risk of developing chronic open-angle glaucoma and people of Asian origin are at increased risk of developing acute angle-closure glaucoma Family history: people with close relatives with glaucoma are at increased risk Short sight or long sight: people who are short-sighted (myopia) are more likely to develop chronic open-angle glaucoma Medical history: people with diabetes may be at increased risk of developing glaucoma
43
What are the typical therapies for glaucoma?
``` Prostaglandin analogues Beta-blockers Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Sympathomimetics Miotics ```
44
How do | Beta-blockers work and give an example
(reduce intraocular pressure by slowing down the production of aqueous humour in your eye); e.g. Timolol maleate
45
How do Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work and give an example
(reduce the amount of aqueous humour produced in your eye, which reduces intraocular pressure e.g. Brinzolamide
46
How do Sympathomimetics work and give an example
(reduce the rate of production of aqueous humour and increase the flow of aqueous humour out of the eyes); e.g Brimonidine tartrate
47
How do Miotics work and give an example
Miotics work by opening up the blocked trabecular meshwork, which should improve the drainage of aqueous humour out of your eye) e.g Pilocarpine hydrochloride
48
What are the symptoms of an acute injury? Foreign body/corneal scratch
Dry eye sensation Sensation of "foreign body" Appearance usually normal with some associated redness Excessive tear production
49
What is Diabetic retinopathy? and what causes it
damage that occurs to the retina due to diabetes Microvascular changes due to poor control of blood sugar lead to degeneration of vascular walls Affects 80% of patients with diabetes for >10 years 90% of cases are preventable if monitored and treated correctly
50
symptoms of diabetic retinopathy
Few, if any, early warning signs Early stages only detectable by fundus photography Early stages: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy Later stages: vessels proliferate and vision deteriorates
51
Typical therapies of diabetic retinopathy
laser treatment intravitreal injections or intravitreal implant with fluocinolone acetonide (corticosteroid) an operation to remove blood or scar tissue
52
What causes subconjunctival heamorrhage?
mild physical trauma
53
Symptoms of subconjunctival heamorrhage?
blood from burst blood vessel covers surface of the eyeball Blood not in eyeball itself Initial pain disappears quickly No change in vision
54
Typical therapies for subconjunctival heamorrhage?
No treatment is needed in the absence of infection or significant trauma
55
What is age related macular degeneration (AMD)?
A painless eye condition that causes lose of central vision, usually in both eyes
56
Symptoms of AMD?
- reading becomes difficult - colours appear less vibrant - people's faces are difficult to recognise - AMD does not affect the peripheral vision
57
Typical treatments of AMD?
There's currently no cure for either type of AMD; Wet AMD can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medication - Ranibizumab (Lucentis)
58
What is Dry AMD?
Dry AMD develops when the cells of the macula become damaged by a build-up of deposits called drusen. It's the most common and least serious type of AMD, accounting for around 9 out of 10 cases
59
What is Wet AMD?
Wet AMD – sometimes called neovascular AMD – develops when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells
60
What are the symptoms of Myopia (short sightedness)?
distant objects appear blurred close objects seen clearly 30% UK are myopic Manifests from childhood – 25 years old
61
Causes of Myopia (short sightedness)?
light not properly focussed on to back of the eye eye too long from front to back cornea too steeply curved
62
How to correct myopia/hyperopia?
Lenses (glasses or contact lenses) used Contact lenses are thin transparent plastic discs that sit on the cornea and are held in place owing by eyelid pressure exerted and tear fluid surface tension Lenses are shaped according to the correction necessary Myopia: a concave lens or “minus” Hyperopia: a convex lenses or "plus"
63
What are the different types of contact lens?
Rigid (hard or gas permeable) Soft (hydrogel or silicone hydrogel)
64
What are the complications of wearing contact lens?
Papillary conjunctivitus Ulcerative keratitis Acanthamoeba keratitis (sight threatening parasite)
65
What are some rare eye conditions?
Cancer Cicatricial pemphigoid - (autoimmune blistering) Limbal stem cell deficiency Corneal dystrophies Keratoconus - (corneal degeneration)

Spring 1 (13 decks)

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